On September 11th 2001 the world was forever changed Essay

On September 11th 2001 the world was forever changed. The horrific events, which occurred at the World Trade Centers in New York, the Pentagon in Washington and on Flight 93, which crashed in Pennsylvania, have forever altered the way Americans view their safety. Every household in the U.S. tuned in to the news on TV, radio, or Internet to see how the world was being twisted in front of their eyes. These events dramatically proved that the United States, the greatest nation in the world, was no longer safe from outside threats. . The stock market crash of 1929, which led to the depression, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and the terrorist attacks of September 11th were all unexpected events that no one could have predicted but had such dramatic effects that they can never be forgotten. All three events seem to be categorized together for a few simple reasons. To the average American citizen these horrendous events were unforeseen, but noted historians would beg to differ. They believe in such instances as Pearl Harbor, The stock market crash of 1929, and September 11th, that the government and many political figures were forewarned. If they had taken their admonitions more seriously and acted upon them, historians believe that they could have at least made the consequent effects minimal. There were several proceedings that should have elicited American retaliation. It is said that Bin laden himself declared war on America in 1996. In the early 90’s, The World Trade Center was car bombed, and Osama Bin Laden was the primary suspect for this assault. Even after that incident no one saw Bin laden as a serious threat and didn’t think his dangerous ways could jeopardize our countries well being as a whole. After the attack of September 11th it seems the unification of the American people became so strong it’s virtually indissoluble. Our previously fragile society became a link so strong we believe it can’t be touched by the outside perils of the world. The rise in Nationalism came about in a wave of red white and blue colors. It seemed every face in America was painted with the stars and stripes of our grand old flag. Our countries banner was now the latest fashion; closets were overflowing with the celebrated colors of our patriotic nation. Every news station put American flags on their lapels, and waving red, white and blue graphics were put on most channels. Many well-known Hollywood figures and successful businesses put together charities benefiting the victims and families affected by September 11. September 11 mended our nations pride and restored our dignity. Such a strong sense of nationalism can easily be compared to that of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, when East and West Germany celebrated their reunion as one, after being isolated for so long. Subsequent to September 11, the United States faced many abrupt transformations as far as pastimes, lifestyles, and entertainment goes. There were a few noticeable differences from the changes following WWII, to those of September 11th. For example, Baseball, the great American pastime was brought to a standstill after September 11, where as Roosevelt motivated people to go to baseball games, and had baseball play a part in the healing of the country. Another difference from 9-11 was that after Pearl Harbor, and the crash of 1929, there were severe cut backs and limitations on how much of certain commodities, such as gasoline and sugar, the average American could use. The difference now is that we are currently at war with the oil capitals of the world. The gas prices are booming and don’t appear to be coming down any time soon; however, this does not stop the typical egotistic American from buying a brand new fuel consuming SUV. Racism is another topic that has been significantly affected by September 11th .In WWII we knew who the enemy was, it was strictly the Japanese and Germans, however, now it’s a â€Å"pin the tail on the donkey†1 mentality. After Pearl Harbor many Japanese men were put into internment camps to be interrogated for information and kept there, that did not happen after 9-11 however, many Arabs were questioned and racial profiling became a major issue. There was also a great deal of hate crimes aimed at the Arab race and people who had the visual characteristics of the middle-eastern inhabitants. The U.S. was unsure of which persons were solely responsible for the crimes, therefore no individual has the right to go pointing their fingers at any particular group, But the stereotyping and profiling still persists. . Exactly one year after Pearl Harbor the stock market had climbed up to almost where it was before (within 10%) now we are suffering a recession because of 9-11. Another fact is that before Pearl Harbor, the country was just coming out the depression and wasn’t even fully out. The war effort boosted production. 9-11 happened right when the US was at its prime in the economy and the attack destroyed industry and commercial enterprises. Also the government suspended a monopoly trial against GE so that it would not hurt the war effort. After 9-11 the government focused on companies such as Enron and WorldCom. Noticeably there are numerous features of September 11th that could be considered. However, It would be virtually impossible to cover all the aspects and phases of such an important date. September 11th, 2001 was a horribly significant date in not only American history but in world history as well. It brought back horrific memories of such instances as The Bombing of Pearl harbor and can even be compared to the hardships and struggles of The Stock Market Crash of 1929. As a result, the American people came together as one in a battle we like to call the â€Å"war on terrorism† 2. It is obvious this war may be infinite but it is worth the struggle, just knowing, in the future we may perhaps avoid such devastating events. As James Baldwin once wrote â€Å"A country is only as strong as the people who make it up and the country turns into what the people want it to become†¦we made the world we’re living in and we have to make it over.† 3 I think we should all recollect on the events step by step of September 11th, and take into mind, the advice that Baldwin has given us. Someday our country can completely overcome all of its vulnerability and end any chances of a date like this form reoccurring. Bibliography: www.time.com/archives/911 www.encarta.com/911 www.bostonherald.com/911/media www.bostonherald.com/911/race www.american-history.com/history/september11.mgi www.alternet.org/story.html ENDNOTES: 1. Lauren mills, a noted historian currently attending B.H.S. September 15th 2002. 2. George W. Bush Jr., AlterNet: One Year Later: Unintended Consequences of 9/11 and the war on terrorism. War against Iraq pg 3 3. James Baldwin, AlterNet: Before and After Septemeber11 True courage pg. 5

European influence in Africa Essay

The presence of Europeans in African countries had a great influence on the cultural benefits, traditions and norms of Africans. African societies were composed of small ethnic groups bound by deep cultural and traditional benefits. Slave trade in North Africa disintegrated these cultural systems. The entry of Europeans in North Africa led to breaking of those small indigenous units into modular states that could be easily controlled by the colonial rule. They abolished the indigenous legal systems and imposed new legal systems based on European concepts of law. North Africa was integrated into the world capitalist system, where its main function was to provide raw materials and new markets for Western industrial revolution. This led to imposition of taxation forcing Africans into cheap wage labor. Land grabbing and alienation in settler colonies made it impossible for the economy of the colonized countries to grow. This is because the colonial administrations only developed areas they saw fit for their benefit and it led to growth of colonial cities such as Dakar, Lagos and Nairobi. Westernization in North Africa led to the rise of Christianity and reduced the number of Muslims in sub Sahara, which contributed to the destabilization of Africa traditions and cultural benefits. Christianity promoted the assimilation of new ideas and new lifestyles such as monogamy and nuclear family. African societies believed in polygamy and extended families. This is being practiced even to day. Christian missionaries introduced Western education, which involved mastery of European language and literacy. The adoption of new habits and tastes coupled with Christianity and western education, led to the development of a new elite that included teachers, clerks, lawyers and doctors. Slave trade degraded the value of African people because they were used against their will to benefit the European economy. This impacted negatively on African leaders because some still practice slave trade today. Europeans brought about, modernization in Africa in terms of Western education, Christianity and Western lifestyles. European influence in Asia (1650-1815). South East Asia comprised of societies that varied in different aspects. Main societies in south East Asia included China, Thailand and Cambodia, therefore European influence on South East Asia varied extensively depending on indigenous states. Societies in South East Asia had very distinct traditional beliefs and rulers who reigned with a conviction of permanency and stability. Europeans created new economic relationships in South East Asia by establishing new industries like rubber production and improvement of traditional ones such as rice and sugar industries. They were improved and expanded to meet the European needs. Communities in Cambodia protested against economical changes when agribusiness in form of plantation farming was introduced. Europeans aimed to make the traditional cultures modern. This was received positively by some south East Asians who had been trained in Western schools. They believed that Western culture would have positive effects on their cultural and economical backgrounds. The elites adopted the European language and mode of dressing. Adoption of the Western culture led to political, economical and social growth in Asia. However, it was difficult to assimilate the European culture and lifestyles in Asia because of the diversity of Asian cultural customs and traditions. Asia is composed of Muslim, Christianity and Buddhism and therefore impacting Christianity in Asia was difficult. These traditional settings emphasized on unifying of social, economic, political and social spheres, though it is impractical to unify all the spheres. The influence of Europeans in Asia was highly varied and uneven throughout the region. They used superior military technology to achieve conquest and monopoly. The Portuguese invasion of Malacca led to the decline of the trade systems as they tried to dominate the spice trade. The European therefore, caused the detachment of producers form their traditional markets. As a result the powerful trading cultures in southeastern Asia collapsed due to colonial influence. European influence was limited to the coastal ports and the adjoining regions. Peasant life in Asia was not affected by the European influence as they remained inside the confines of their village. (Alagappa 130-138). European influence in Middle East (1825-1941). Middle east societies combined religion with governance of their states. European powers overwhelmed the region and tried to separate governance from religion. They replaced the indigenous educational, social and political systems through modernization. The Kuranic schools were replaced by the Western education. Middle east is an Islamic region that viewed European powers as enemies for creating Christianity in the Muslim dominated region. This created a sense of distrust of the Europeans by the Arabs. Europeans faced great resistance form the Arabs who used national movements to adopt anti-western speeches in order to gain favor from their people.. European powers in the Middle East replaced the Muslim leaders by non-Muslim leaders to create artificial political territories since they did not arise from the societies. They created states that had conflicting ethnicities and divided other ethnic groups into two or three portions. For instance they divided the Kurds into Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria. (Kaelble 120-127). Dividing ethnic communities stirred political rivalry and violence in the Middle East. It also created instability among the Arabs, preventing political, social and economical development. The Arabs formulated revenge missions to the Europeans and resisted any form of invasion whether political, economical, educational or social.

How Extracurriculars Can Boost Your College Application

At we meet many students with stellar college admissions profiles. But those who set themselves apart do so through their extracurricular efforts. College admissions officers use GPA and standardized test scores as metrics to determine how well a candidate stacks up to their school’s admissions criteria, but neither area offers much in terms of ways to truly differentiate your college application. An outstanding extracurricular profile can truly set your application apart from the pack. It is important to use extracurriculars as a means to genuinely convey to admissions officers who you are, and where your interests, strengths, and passions lie. You may already be involved in a wide range of extracurriculars early on in high school, and if so, that is excellent. Depending on your continued enthusiasm in each one of them, it may be a good idea to take time to consider if it would be in your best interest to explore some new areas in addition to or instead of the areas in which you are currently involved. One practical way to approach this is to take a broad look at the extracurricular opportunities your school community and communities outside of school offer. Self reflection and an open mind can help you discover areas that you have a real interest in exploring. If you happen to be involved in certain activities that you either no longer enjoy or feel as though are not helping your personal growth and future goals, it is completely acceptable to let these go. Simply choosing for the sake of adding another activity to your resume is not the approach to take. It is far more advantageous to pursue a few highly focused areas that you are passionate about and make a strong impact than it is to involve yourself in more areas merely at a surface level. Admissions officers see right through resumes that are padded with activities just for the sake of pretending that a great deal was accomplished over the last four years. What they are looking for is demonstrated interest in areas that are central to who you are and what you can bring to their campus. When you sign up for our program, we carefully pair you with the perfect admissions specialist based on your current academic and extracurricular profile and the schools in which you’re interested. Your personal specialist will help you with branding, essays, and interviews, and provide you with support and guidance in all other aspects of the application process.

Health Informantion Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Informantion Exchange - Essay Example change information regarding health care services, patients’ case histories, patients’ advocacy rights, state and federal laws regarding health care, and data integrity. This needs a â€Å"standardized interoperable model that is patient centric, trusted, longitudinal, scalable, sustainable, and reliable† (American Health Information Management Association, para.2), and that follows HIM principles. The aim behind the implementation of HIE is to improve the quality of delivery of health care information and services, by ensuring the safety of patients’ data and accuracy of information being shared. Healthcare costs are also reduced (Utah Health Information Network, para.2), since the system is quick and error prone. Terry (para.2) mentions a report conducted by Doctors Helping Doctors Transform Healthcare and the American College of Physicians, which states that a large number of clinicians believe that HIE will have a good effect on health care delivery, c are coordination, care organizations, medical homes, third-party reporting, incentive programs, practice efficiency, and reduction of healthcare costs. However, the biggest challenge in medical settings is the lack of HIE infrastructure and lack of interoperability between EHRs and other electronic information exchange systems. Terry, Ken. â€Å"Most Doctors Want Health Information Exchange Now.† Healthcare Information Week. UBM Tech, 2012. Web. 19 Dec 2012.

Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History Essay

Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History - Essay Example The services of the Library foundation have been active since 1872. The library is not active for respective purpose but also working in a join with other 72 libraries in Los Angeles. The Library Foundation is also involved in undertaking advocacy services as well. This shows that Library Store is involved in supporting masses within the community. Unlike other fundraising events, this was less advertised among the mainstream celebrities. It is obvious from the charity events that it could not become successful in terms of raising funds for the cause until celebrity endorsement is undertaken. But Library Store’s Cancer Fund Raiser had common people as visitors more than celebrities. This charity event was created for the first time in the Library Store with its own affiliation of organizers. The goal of this charity was backed up by its vision of supporting other libraries in Los Angeles to maintain their services to the educational institutions for spreading literacy in Los Angeles. Considering this vision, the event was a success and organized relevant activities. The intriguing fact about the fundraising was the inclusion of different standing-comedians who participated to make the event a success. These standing-comedians had successfully taken place of celebrities coming to the event. According to the organizer of f undraising, the basic goal of the fundraiser was to assess the contribution of common people in Los Angles who are more than willing to contribute to the society. It will not be incorrect to state that this fundraising was far different than other charity events. It was because of low-light charity. The Library Store is an attraction for a majority of people living Los Angeles which automatically spread awareness regarding the fundraiser.

H.R.111 Breast Cancer Patient Protection Act of 2011 Research Paper

H.R.111 Breast Cancer Patient Protection Act of 2011 - Research Paper Example The bill aims to ensure that insurance coverage be provided for the inpatient hospital stay for a minimum period post mastectomy and for outpatient stay in lumpectomy. Conflicting arguments prevent a consensus on the bill. On one hand it is claimed that post breast surgery the patient need physical care, guidance as well as psychological counseling. On the other hand researchers provide evidence in favor of ambulatory breast surgery. The current paper presents a comprehensive view of the various aspects of H. R. 111 bill and its impact on nurse’s role if enacted. H.R.111 BREAST CANCER PATIENT PROTECTION ACT OF 2009 BACKGROUND BREAST CANCER Cancer involves formation of lump or ‘tumor’ within a specific organ due to uncontrolled division of cells. Breast cancers effects lobules in breasts and have been defined as â€Å"the cancer of tissues of the breast, usually the ducts and lobules. It occurs in both male and female breast; although male breast cancer is rareâ⠂¬ . (National Cancer Institute, 2011) Breasts are modified skin glands located between the clavicles and sixth to eighth rib on the chest wall, and develop from the mammary ridge in the embryo. The gland tissue or lobules in the breast are responsible for milk production and are connected by ducts to the nipples. Besides the lobules and the ducts, breast also comprises of fatty, connective and lymphatic tissue. Recent studies provide evidence for the presence of more than 20 lobes or segments comprising of major lactiferous ducts involved in conducting milk to the nipples from the lobules. Each lobule, also known as the terminal portion of the duct system; comprises of multiple ductules that form its glandular acini, and the specialized connective tissue enveloping it. The rest of the breast comprises of stromal connective tissues that are histologically distinct. The terminal duct along with its lobular unit; is termed as terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU), and is usually the poin ts of origin of lung cancer. It has been hypothesized that this area possesses stem cells which are responsible for the tumor formation (Kopans, 2007). In situ breast cancer includes cancers restricted to ducts (ductal carcinoma in situ or DCIS), and lobules (lobular carcinoma in situ or LCIS); i.e. the tumor remains within its place of origin. In contrast invasive cancer refers to tumor spread beyond the place of origin, the severity of which is determined by the level of invasiveness. The cancers are diagnosed through needle or surgical biopsy. INCIDENCES OF BREAST CANCER Breasts cancers are the second most prevalent form of cancer next to skin cancer affecting women in US. During the year 2008, 40,480 women and 450 men were reported to have died from breast cancer. In the same year 182,460 and 1990 new cases of invasive breast cancer were reported for women and men respectively. With changes in life style patterns, and reproductive behavior the risks for occurrence of breast canc er are expected to rise. On the basis of data for the occurrence of breast cancer in the period spanning 1995-2007, it has been estimated that during the year 2011 a total of 230,480 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 75,650 additional cases of in situ breast cancer will be diagnosed. Further 39,520 women are expected to suffer death due to breast cancer making it the second major cancer in terms of mortality (next to lung cancer). Women become more vulnerable to breast cancer with advancing age; the threat rising sharply

Compostion article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Compostion article - Essay Example Researchers have presented that basic research literacy courses are not appealing to students, and they usually have negative feelings towards it. The Human Resources Development in Canada had expressed that employers have found skills developed through research courses as vital for work (as cited in Shipwright et al., 2010, p. 574). The researchers were burdened of this need, and thus aimed to enhance learning in the said courses through the use of an online graphic novel called Citizen Researcher (CR). Through this multimedia, they intend to stimulate the students’ interest in research. Guided by these goals, there are four research questions formulated for this study: (1) What impact does CR have on students’ perceptions of their research literacy skills?; (2) What is the students’ level of satisfaction with the course content, design delivery method and learning activities?; (3) What are students’ experiences with CR?; and (4) What are the strengths, c hallenges and barriers associated with this new model of course delivery? (p. 576). These are ventured in order to determine the effects of the technology in the students’ learning. Although research literacy courses may be boring and irrelevant to students, utilization of an online graphic novel to arouse their interest and assist in their learning needs may be seen to be of benefit. Details of the said study, through its methods, results, conclusions, strengths and limitations, et cetera, are reviewed and analyzed in order to appreciate the significance of such endeavor. Review and Analysis I. Methods A descriptive study using surveys and interviews was conducted among 18 full-time undergraduate students in 14 programs, who were attending post-secondary college in a large city (p. 576). Three surveys were made, one demographic, and pre-post Research Literacy Competency surveys. The demographic survey provided a profile for the learners, including their reading habits and In ternet skills. The Research Literacy Competency survey conducted before exposing the respondents to the multimedia is used as baseline data for the Research Literacy Competency survey completed after they have utilized the CR. The post-CR exposure survey contained three open-ended items to ask participants for their opinions and suggestions regarding the multimedia. The tools used for both pre- and post Research Literacy Competency surveys are reported to be valid by the Cronbach alpha, and thus said to be reliable. All these mentioned measures are based on self-reports of the learners. Individual telephone interviews which lasted for 10 to 20 minutes, and participated by seven students, were made in order to better understand their experiences with the CR. The interviews utilized a structured guide, then they were taped and transcribed. II. Results and Conclusions The results of the pilot study show and further verify the conclusion of previous literature that using the multimedia yielded satisfactory experiences and it became an instrument to learn research literacy skills (p. 581). Learning the importance of critical thinking is reported by the students, and activities in the CR reinforced key concepts in research. There is also a noticeable significant increase in scores from the pre-course survey as compared to the post-course survey, which is evidence that the multimedia is effective in enhancing the knowledge of the respondents. Although there are positive results,

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gun Control - Research Paper Example Thus, gun control remains an emotive aspect, as on the one hand, there is need for overall citizen safety and welfare; this at the same time providing for the freedom to bear arms as enshrined in the 2nd Amendment (Trotter). As Susan Dudley rightly views, â€Å"The right of the people to keep and bear arms in defense of themselves and of the lawful authority of the state shall not be infringed, except that the manner of bearing arms may be regulated by law.?† (39) This not only being her perspective, but an ideal that is off uttermost importance to true patriots of America. This rights traces its roots to the nation’s founding, when European colonialists settling in the Newfoundland, brought guns for protection and as a means of food provision; protection against the native populations, while food came from hunted game. With the conquest and huge tracks of land in their belonging, the settlers soon discovered the value of having armed men as protection of their new colo nies; this against hostile native Indians among other enemies. Hence, the passing of the Massachusetts Bay laws; this requiring all able-bodied men to bear arm through their joining of state militia, with other settlements following suit. (Gold 33). The American defence against King George’s (3rd ) well armed and disciplined British soldiers, proved too tough even for the aforementioned militia; this necessitating Congress’ establishment of the Continental army. Being led by George Washington, the gun provisions at first proved inadequate, but with the invention of the Colt revolver, being cheaper and firing six times in rapid succession, was to change the above scenario and hence America’s history. By utility of state-of-the-art machinery, in addition to assembly/ industrial production, America soon led the global arena in firearm production. The colt’s greatness can only be best espoused through a popular Western gun lovers’ saying ‘God cre ated men; Colonel Colt made them equal. (Gold, 34) this said, it is hence vividly clear, as to the great place, guns (firearms) possess in America’s history (Moorhouse 103). Thus, the big question, should America have gun control? This is not an easy question as it pertains to a closely held issue pertinent to its citizen’s wellbeing. As is known, the right to arms is rooted in a need for personal protection (of both life and personal property), and in the armed forces; this as espousing their overall need for establishment, security and maintenance of America’s sovereignty. This is best espoused by Gold (26): â€Å"That the right of the citizens to bear arms, in defence of themselves and the state, shall not be questioned.† Thus, should gun control be enforced? Though as aforementioned, it is the right of American citizens to bear arms, it is also the duty of the Federal government to put in check the availability and possession of firearms. â€Å"That a well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural and safe defence of a free State; that standing armies, in time of peace, should be avoided as dangerous to liberty; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power† (Haerens 27). The above portends to the existent danger

Getting Started on Twitter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Getting Started on Twitter - Essay Example On your homepage, you will see posts of the people you have decided to follow, while the people who follow one will see his or her posts in their homepage. 1. Set up an account: In order to set-up an account one should visit http://twitter.com and fill out their full name, email and password on the box labelled â€Å"New to Twitter?† then click Sign up for Twitter. Considering that one will require people to recognize them to ensure that they can followed, it is then better to use a name that people commonly know one by (Fitton, Poston and Gruen 2009).. 2. Build your timeline: One will get to follow people so that they can get their tweets, thus, one can search for names of people that you would like to follow using the search box provided and also follow some of the people suggested by Twitter. One has a choice of skipping this step and searching for people to follow after you are done setting up and customizing their account. 3. Add character: In this step a peerson is required to build their profile by uploading a picture and giving more information about themselves specifically their education, career and personal information through which people can remember or differentiate one by. 4. Tweak Ones settings: In order to have the preferred setting on your account, on right side of the Twitter home page there is a drop down menu, click on settings to be able to make the changes that you want. One can change the time zone and language, additionally, one can choose â€Å"protect my tweets† implying that only those that one has approved will be able to view his or her posts. There is also a provision for selecting the country of residence, and on clicking â€Å"Request your archive†, one receives a link in the email address one provided containing information about them and their tweets, and always after customizing ones preferred settings Click â€Å"save changes† to ensure that they are saved (Fitton, Poston and Gruen 2009). When one enters their mobile

The Theories of Thomas Hobbes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Theories of Thomas Hobbes - Essay Example Talking about Hobbes’s state of equality, he strongly believed that we as human tend to be very watchful of the differences that lie between all individuals: differences that distinguish the diverse individuals from each other. For example he said that some of us tend to perceive others as smarter or wiser than ourselves, however, what we fail to take into account is that the bulk of the people around us are more or less the same as ourselves, particularly in thought. Such was the way in which Hobbes defined equality of human nature, that given a particular situation many of the individuals would react to it much in the same way. Moreover, Hobbes felt that all human beings were materialistic beings, motivated by nothing so much as they are motivated by self-interest, thus the term egoism (Clarke, 1995). This self-interest which dominates human nature in Hobbes’s point of view is the root cause of all chaos and anarchy that has ever prevailed throughout human history. Hobbes believed that if ever in a dilemma, an individual will always choose the alternative which benefits him the most, irrespective the extent of damage that it may cause to anyone else. This egoism of man never allows him to be content with what he has. Rather it requires him to constantly desire more and more power than he already has. Consequently, Hobbes described his â€Å"State of Nature,† which was from the nature made by God as one would normally expect it to be. The Hobbes's State of Nature is one which any known State can undergo at a time of absolute chaos and anarchy.

Peaceful and Happy Personality, Positive Lifestyle Essay Example for Free

Peaceful and Happy Personality, Positive Lifestyle Essay They promote the utmost understanding of the present rather than dealing with the past. Since they give importance to the dealings of their spontaneous actions, they let go of their subconscious dealing with the environment. In having this kind of belief, Zen Buddhists kind of meditation promotes focusing on the inner strength of the present to give them a more valuable interpretation of their own experiences. It emphasizes dharma practices for them to awaken their spiritual factor thriving in them. To attain further discovery of their self, they must submit themselves in the understanding of their present state of being. Zen Buddhism discourages the strong association of their life to written texts and oral tradition of answering metaphysical matter. They promote this kind of belief for them to be able to address the limitations of their actions and for them to attest their discipline and hold to their own teachings. Many had been practicing this kind of religion because of its simplicity but complex understanding of the complex flow of their life. Since they do not hold many teachings on the philosophical written documents, many said that this kind of practice is against the law of words and against the theoretical framework of many religions existing today. This kind of belief of Zen Buddhism lead to their diverse understanding of their situation thus giving them a perspective of life and its attached meaning to their personal events and perspective to the kind of perception that they have. Taking the beliefs of Zen Buddhism, it is important to see it as an â€Å"influence† to the environment, positively or negatively, in which a person belongs. Therefore, through the collective efforts of the Buddhists, as they have made an impression to the people, they have gained this special discipline that allows them to live in a simple way without to many needs and frustrations in life. It advocates the pursuit a non-greed life in human pursuits in a non-violent way. (De Silva, 1992) They like being quiet and avoid noises for it distracts the meditation of the soul. So, this values practice helps them to reach their goal of a peaceful and a suffering-less life. Since they give importance to their peaceful way of life, they believed that through this, they can have a good personality especially in interacting with other members of the society. Although some of them chose to stay far away from people to avoid distractions, many of them still wants to influence other people by showing them how to be a real Zen Buddhist. And because of this, they become happier in dealing with their everyday experience. By looking at them in the society, they tend to have more stable emotional attachments because of the training that they have in their religion. If we will merge the idea of Zen Buddhism and their teachings, we can notice their emotion in their dealings with everyday’s scenario. Since they have the meditation and focus on the present situation of their life, in effect, they developed system of interaction that promotes same way of living with the teachings of their religion. In this way, Zen Buddhist keeps their focus on conscious thinking with regards to their experiences. In addition to that, Zen Buddhists have different meanings on their personal choices and perception to any problem that they may encounter. At this point, Zen Buddhists attained a certain level of acceptance and happiness to deal with their life and to give positive meanings to their endeavors and suffering. This attitude in life constitutes not only our perception but also our actions in dealing with other people and into different situation. Through their teaching of not only what is good and bad but on how to live your life to be able to be good, we can see the varying result. Buddhists are calmer and quieter in dealing even with the most pressure driven situation in life. They do not resort to any kind of violence in solving conflicts that arisen, but rather chose to a peaceful negotiation and trust to the capabilities of a human soul. This is one of their practices in relation to karma, or the fruit of their actions. Believing that if they do good, something good will happen to them.

Ratio Analysis Sainsburys Vs Morrisons Finance Essay

Ratio Analysis Sainsburys Vs Morrisons Finance Essay When considered as a whole, the grocery market in the UK has  steadily growing  in size, being about 4  bigger  today than it has been  a year ago;   August 2012 update: 12 weeks ending July 8, 2012 growth rate slows from 4.2% to 2.1% due mostly to a drop in price inflation: 6.2% to 3.8%.  Morrisons is growing more slowly then Sainsburys; the company is on track to add approx. 20 new stores  in 2012  with most of those locations featuring a  larger selection of produce. The UK grocery market was worth  £163.2 billion in 2012, an increase of 3.8% on 2011, IGD forecast that the UK grocery market value will be worth  £192.6bn in 2017, an 18.0% increase on 2012. The grocery markets share accounts for 54.3p in every  £1 of UK retail spending. What is the size of the UK grocery market Source: IGD UK channel forecasts 2012 1.2 The Companies 1.2.1 Sainsburys J Sainsbury plc. is the parent company of Sainsburys Supermarkets Ltd, commonly known as Sainsburys, the third largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom with a share of the UK supermarket sector of 16.5%. The group also has interests in property and banking. It was founded in 1869 and today operates over 1,000 supermarkets and convenience stores and employs around 150,000 colleagues. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. 1.2.2 Morrisons The supermarket, which generated sales of  £18.1 billion in the year, said it had not done enough to communicate its promotions and suffered because it still lacked a meaningful presence in the two fastest growing sectors of the market. Morrisons is the UKs fourth largest food retailer with over 400 stores. The super market is mainly food and grocery weekly shop. Morrisons employs 129,000 staff at 498 stores. Their reports show that like-for-like sales dropped 2.1% in the year, while the average of 11.4 million customers in its stores each week was down on the prior year. 2. Gearing Ratio Analysis 2.1 Gearing Ratios Gearing Ratios (%) Company/Year 2012 2011 Sainsbury 31.73 30.13 Morrison 22.86 16.25 Source : Appendix 1 Sainsburys A gearing between 25% 50% is generally considered nominal for an established business. It implies that Sainsbury is happy to finance its activities using borrowing. Sainsbury focuses more on investment in revenue growth rather than profit as the company increased sales revenue and non-current assets but suffered a loss in 2012. Morrisons The business is considered low gearing as its gearing is less than 25%. The business is growing through reinvestment of profits and minimizing risk. However, in 2012, there is an increase in gearing from 16.25% in 2011 to 22.86% and this is mainly because the business increased long-term borrowings by  £548m and reduced retained earnings and shared capital. 2.2 Interest Cover Ratio Interest Cover Ratio Company/Year 2012 2011 Sainsbury 6.04 7.40 Morrsion 20.59 20.62 Source : Appendix 2 Sainsburys The ratio indicates that the borrowing capital is used effectively to generate profits and that the business is able to meet its short-term interest obligations from its earnings. Sainsbury is growing, making worthwhile investments to continue to expand. Morrisons The ratio suggests that Morrison is generating enough income to cover its interest obligations and is thus financially stable. However, such a high ratio also suggests that Morrison is neglecting opportunities to magnify profits through leverage. 3. LIQUIDITY RATIO ANALYSIS 3.1 CURRENT RATIO COMPANY/YEAR 2011 2012 SAINSBURY .580 .647 MORRISON .545 .574 Source : Appendix 3 Sainsburys Sainsburys current assets are considerably less than the current liabilities in both the years as Sainsbury has invested a lot in fixed assets as well as in subsidiaries and joint ventures. Sainsbury is obliged to pay a lot of money as a part of tax and also in generating its assets so the liability is therefore more than the assets. For every 1pound liability they have only 64.7 pence worth of asset to cover it. Morrisons Morrison current ratio is smaller than the current ratio of Sainsbury which indicates that Sainsbury is doing slightly better than Morrison in the market. Morrison current liabilities is more than the current assets due to more of borrowing that involves short term loans, investment in fixed assets and payment of tax. For every 1pound liability they have only 57.4 worth of asset to cover it. 3.2 ACID TEST RATIO COMPANY/YEAR 2011 2012 SAINSBURY .304 .348 MORRISON .239 .247 Source : Appendix 4 Sainsburys The acid test ratio is very less as Sainsbury, being a retail store, is highly dependent on sale of inventory. As acid test ratio of Sainsbury is .348 that is less than 1 it means that Sainsbury cannot pay their current liabilities. Morrisons Like Sainsburys, Morrison also being highly dependent on inventories, acid ratio is expected to be less. Morrisons acid ratio is .247, which is less than 1, meaning Morrison cannot pay their current liabilities. It would be only able to generate 24.7 % cash of its current liabilities. Both the companies fails in extinguishing its current liabilities but this is not due to their market position or growth but just due to the nature of the business (retail). 4. PROFITABILITY RATIO ANALYSIS 4.1 Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) Return on Capital Employed Co./Year 2012 2011 Sainsburys 10.11 % 11.06 % Morrisons 13.83 % 13.70 % (Source : Appendix 5 ) Sainsburys ROCE growth in 2012 was lower than last year partly due to the cumulative effect of Sainsburys accelerated investment in space growth since 2009 (Sainsburys, 2011). This initially shrank profits whilst increasing the value of capital employed. Morrisons Morrisons delivered improved returns to its shareholders. For every  £1 capital invested in the business, the annual return is 13.83 pence in 2012 and was 13.70 pence in 2011. This profitability ratio of Morrison is moderately higher than Sainsburys, hence Morrisons is able to gain more profit on average capital employed. 4.2 Return on Equity (ROE) Return on Equity Co./Year 2012 2011 Sainsburys 10.62 % 11.79 % Morrisons 12.78 % 11.66 % (Source : Appendix 6) Sainsburys Sainsburys Return on Equity in 2012 has decreased by 1.17 % compared to 2011 due to decline in shareholder funds. In 2011, they performed slightly better than Morrisons as they had better reserves and share capital and the Profit after Tax (PAT) was significantly lower than Morrisons. Morrisons Morrisons ROE has significantly improved over d last few years and continue to reach high values. In 2012, they showed a 1.12% increase in ROE compared to 2011 and had a 12.78 % shareholder equity. The shareholders invested a lot which resulted in higher returns. 4.3 Gross Profit Margin Gross Profit Margin Co./Year 2012 2011 Sainsburys 5.43 % 5.49 % Morrisons 6.89 % 6.96 % (Source : Appendix 7) Sainsburys A moderate decline in the ratio between 2011 and 2012 explains the fact that the gross profit was lower in relation to sales revenue. This means that cost of sales was higher relative to sales revenue within the period. Morrisons Morrisons Gross Profit Margin is higher than Sainsburys as they had a lower sales revenue and moderate gross profit compared to the latter. In 2012, 6.89 % of the net sales are available to pay off all the operating expenses. 4.4 Net/Operating Profit Margin Net/Operating Profit Margin Co./Year 2012 2011 Sainsburys 3.74 % 4.07 % Morrisons 5.48 % 5.38 % (Source : Appendix 8) Sainsburys Sainsbury accounted to lower Net Profit Margin than Morrisons because of falling sales and rising costs. The market has a lot of competition where small groceries and convenience stores capture quite a bit of total UK food retail. Morrisons Morrisons performed fairly well and showed significant increase in the operating profits from Sainsburys over the past year. It accounted 5.48 % Net Profit Margin in the current financial year (Sales Revenue:  £17663m). It is a result of superior execution and induction of higher margin products in their sales mix. Morrisons seems to be more profitable than Sainsburys across all available profitability measures. 5.0 Efficiency Ratios (Source of Data, Apendix 9, Financial Reports of Sainsburys and Morrisons) 5.1 Fixed Assets Turnover This ratio shows how efficiently the company is using fixed assets to generate sales. Low ratios indicate the company is capital intensive or that company requires a lot of fixed assets to generate a given amount of sales. (Gildersleeve, R. (1999) p.136). Efficiency Ratios Year/Comp. Sainsburys Morrisons 2011 2.40 times 2.18 times 2012 2.39 times 2.22 times Sainsburys In 2012 Sainsburys shows an increase in Sales Revenue for approx 1,100  £m, which made its ratio slightly lower comparing to 2011. The ratio remained fairly similar because the value of fixed assets at net book value increased as well. The reason for the increase in fixed assets could be explained by Sainsburys tendency for opening new stores. The financial report states that they opened 19 new supermarkets, 28 extensions, and 73 convenience stores, which are only to begin operating and contributing to sales. Morrisons On the other hand Morrisons managed to improve their ratio by obtaining similar value of their fixed assets from 2011 to 2012, and using them more efficiently to score an increase in sales revenue of 1,100 £m. Generally looking at the industry the Average ratios for Retail Food companies are between 4-5 (Wal-Mart Stores USA 5.00), (Gildersleeve, R. (1999) p.136), so Sainsburys should aim to increase the use of their fixed assets in order to increase the sales. 5.2 Average Inventories Turnover Shows how many days company had to stock goods for sale before they were sold. In the retail-food industry this period should be kept fairly low because of the nature of the business. Lower ratio indicates that company will spend less funds towards stocking items before putting it on sale and getting profit from it. Average Inventories Turnover Year /Comp. Sainsbury Morrison 2011 14.86 Days 15.19 Days 2012 15.85 Days 16.85 Days Sainsburys Sainsburys shows growth in the average of inventories held over the course of year by almost 100  £m. As costs of sales have increased from 2011-2012, this ratio shows a slight growth in number of days goods are kept in stock. The increase of inventory in stock could be explained by Sainsburys growth of sales in 2012. Higher demand forces company to have more items in stock in order to satisfy the needs of the customers. Morrisons Morrisons shows even higher growth in average days the goods are stocked. Morrisons also note the increase in cost of sales, even more than Sainsburys. The financial reports of Morrisons state a few reasons, among which increasingly higher prices of fuel on the market. 5.3 Profit Per Employee Profit Per Employee Year/ Comp. Sainsbury Morrison 2011 5,572.78  £ per emp. 6,617.50  £ per emp. 2012 5,256.58  £ per emp. 7,217.60  £ per emp. Sainsburys It is notable that companys profit has been reduced from 2011-2012 for 2.8 m £, which is 3.4%, even though its sales have risen for 6.8%. This could be explained by the number of reasons, but one of them that is important for this ratio is that they have also increased the number of employees. This has negatively influenced their Profit per Employee ratio, leaving it behind the industry average and Morrisons. Morrisons Unlike Sainsburys, Morrisons notes the increase in profit and reduction of number of employees. This is the most desirable situation for a company. Their profit was higher for 8 % in 2012 than in 2011. 5.4 Average Trade Debtor Collection Period It indicates the period of time which is needed for company to collect trade debts. This ratio reveals a great deal about a companys credit policy and the efficiency which it can collect money from its customers. (Fight, A. (2006) p. 57)). Average Trade Debtor Collection Period Year/Comp. Sainsbury Morrison 2011 1.61Days 4.79 Days 2012 1.90 Days 4.34 Days Sainsburys Sainsburys shows an increase in the average time that they needed to collect the trade dept. Even though their costs of sales remained fairly similar, there was a substantial increase in the amount of trade debt. Even though this negatively influenced the ratio, Sainsburys has made trades from which they expect to receive money in near future. Furthermore their ratio shows efficiency at collecting debts, comparing both to the industry and Morrisons. Morrisons Morrisons have significantly higher average debt collection period. Even though they have managed to slightly decrease their Trade receivables from 2011-2012, their costs of sales increased by approx 1,000 £m which has not made it possible for this ratio to improve further. 6. INVESTMENT RATIO ANALYSIS FORMULAS * Eearning Per Shares = profit available to shareholders/ no. of shares ranked for dividend * Dividend Yield= dividend per share/ market price * 100% *Dividend cover = Preference Dividend/Ordinary Dividend SAINSBURYS MORRISONS 2011 2012 2011 2012 (%) (%) EARNING PER SHARE 33.8 31.5 23.43 26.03 DIVIDEND YIELD 15.10 16.1 9.60 10.70 DIVIDEND COVER 1.75 1.75 2.40 2.39 6.1 EARNING PER SHARE YEAR Sainsburys In 2011 Sainsburys experienced a sharp increase in earnings per share going up by 33.8%. And in 2012 the Sainsbury went down with 31.5% having a loss of 2.3%. It is important that assets are revaluated in order to keep the real value of assets on balance sheet. Earnings per share in 2011 increased by 2.3% to 33.8 p, reflecting the improvement in the operating profit and the effect of the additional shares, more importantly due to the property profits. Morrisons Morrisons earnings per share compared to Sainsburys are lower. This is driven by smaller profit and the fact that Morrisons is a smaller sized supermarket chain. The earning per share has 23.43% at 2011 mainly caused by the higher profits on business disposals that the company went through last year, so the return to shareholders was a lower rate per share. 6.2 DIVIDEND YIELD YEAR Sainsburys The dividend yield had a slightly decreased since the dividend per share only increased by 15.10% from 2011 year. This was a decision from the company and it reflects the reduction in the earning per share already mentioned and the fall in the dividend cover by 1.75% in 2011. Morrisons Morrison dividend yield is much less in 2011 it was 9.6% and in 2012 the dividend went up to 10.70%. 6.3 DIVIDEND COVER YEAR Sainsburys Dividend cover of Sainsburys says that earnings available for dividend cover is 1.75% in 2011 and also in 2012 so there was not change in the divided cover over the past two years. In terms of dividend cover, Sainsburys has its policy based on their calculations to maintain the dividend cover between 1.50 1.75 times. The reason behind it is that if the dividend cover is too low, there is a possibility that the company will not be able to pay out the investors. Morrisons In Morrisons divided cover, it showers that in 2011 it has 2.40% whereas in 2012 it has 2.39%, which is still more than Sainsbury. For the year 2011 Morrisons dividend cover is 2.4 times, claim that it is in line with the European food retail sector average (Morrisons, 2011). 7. Future Perspectives and Strategies Both Sainsburys and Morrisons have their business strategies for future outlined in their financial statements. Morrisons financial strategy continues to deliver improved margins whilst positioning long term growth. They wish to increase their customer appeal and growth of sales, which is meant to be converted into profitable growth. They have realized the potential in online retail, so they will finally enter the online groceries market to challenge Tesco, Asda and Sainsburys, making it the last of the major supermarket groups to have an internet presence, but only after reporting its first fall in profits for six years.C:UsersUSERDesktopfinancial management1.JPG Sainsburys based their business strategy on meeting consumer needs, taking into the account the on-going inflation over the past four years. The economic downturn has changed how and what consumers buy, and these changes appear to be lasting. In 2012 they have launched their Live Well for Less campaign based on awarding loyalty and providing the best quality possible for optimal price. Through Nectar loyalty scheme they have a wealth of data about their customers behaviour. C:UsersUSERDesktopfinancial management2.JPG Source of the table: Morrisons financial statement 2012. Source: Sainsburys Financial Statement 2012 8 Conclusions Financial statements suggest that Morrisons financial performance was very good. They had a profitable year (profit of  £58m) while Sainsburys performance was not good compared to 2011 (loss of  £42m). Morrisons financial performance was strong, and they continued to invest in long term growth of the business, and to deliver increasing returns to shareholders. Even after having steady increase in sales revenue and gross profit, Sainsbury suffered loss compared to previous year mainly because their interest and tax expenses increased while profit from joint ventures reduced. Though Sainsburys acquisition of non-current assets was underfinanced with long term sources of finance, they still managed to generate more sales and cover the debt payable easily. Alternatively, Morrisons financial management was excellent as they covered all their non-current assets with long term sources of finance. High interest cover ratio indicates that there is no sort of pressure on the company and is very profitable. References Fight, A (2006) Flow Forecasting, UK: CFrion Tec. Pvt. Stickney C.P (2010) Financial Accounting : an introduction to concepts methods and uses USA: South Western Cengage Learning Smart B.S Megginson W.L (2009) Introduction to Corporate Finance USA: South Western Cengage Learning Alberth S.W (2011) Accounting, Concepts Applications, What, Why, How of Accounting USA: South Western Cengage Learning Gildersleeve R. (1999) Winning Business: How to use Financial Analysis and Benchmarks to outscore your competition Houston: Tex Gult Pub. Co. Unknown (2010) An evaluation of the business and financial performance of morrisons. Available at: http://www.ukessays.com/dissertations/business/financial-performance-of-morrisons.php#ixzz2NhjC0HdW (Accessed: 15/03/2013) London Stock Exchange (2013) London Stock Exchange Available at: www.londonstockexchange.com (Accessed: 20/03/2013) Morrison Group (2013) Financial Reports Available at: http://www.morrisons.co.uk/Corporate/Investor-centre/Financial-reports/ (Accessed: 18/03/2013) Sainsburys Group (2013) Annual Report and Financial Statements 2011 Available At: http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/ar11/ (Accessed: 10/03/2013) Unknown (2013) Forces analyses of Sainsbury Available at: http://www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/management/forces-analyses-of-sainsbury.php (Accessed at: 18/03/2013) Appendix 1 Gearing Ratio = Long Term Loans + Value of Preference Shares Share Capital + Reserves + Long term Loans + Minority Interest Sainsburys 2012 2011 2617 + 0 538 + 5091 + 2617 + 0 2339 + 0 535 + 4889 + 2339 + 0 = 31.73 % = 30.13 % Morrisons 2012 2011 1600 + 0 253 + 5144 + 1600 + 0 1052 + 0 266 + 5154 + 1052 + 0 = 22.86 % = 16.25 % Appendix 2 Interest Cover Ratio = Profit before interest and tax Interest payable Sainsbury 2012 2011 834 138 859 116 = 6.04 = 7.40 Morrison 2012 2011 968 47 887 43 = 20.59 = 20.62 Appendix 3 Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities Sainsburys 2011 2012 Current assets = 1708 Current liabilities = 2942 Current ratio = 1708/2942 = .580 Current assets = 2032 Current liabilities = 3136 Current ratio = 2032/3136 = .647 Morrisons 2011 2012 current assets = 1138 current liabilities = 2086 current ratio = 1138/2086 = .545 Current assets = 1322 current liabilities = 2303 current ratio = 1322/2303 = .574 Appendix 4 Acid test ratio = liquid asset / current liabilities Liquid asset = current asset inventories 2011 2012 Current assets = 1708 inventories = 812 liquid asset = 1708 812 = 896 current liabilities = 2942 acid test ratio = 896 / 2942 = .304 Current assets = 2032 inventories = 938 liquid asset = 2032 938 = 1094 current liabilities = 3136 acid test ratio = 1094 / 3136 = .348 Sainsburys Morrisons 2011 2012 current assets = 1138 inventories = 638 liquid asset = 1138 638 = 500 current liabilities = 2086 acid test ratio = 500 / 2086 = .239 current assets = 1322 inventories = 759 liquid asset = 1322 759 = 569 current liabilities = 2703 acid test ratio = 569 / 2703 = .247 Appendix 5 Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) ROCE = For Sainsburys 2012 2011 834 X 100 538 + 5091 + 2617 + 0 859 X 100 535 + 4889 + 2339 + 0 = 10.11 % = 11.06 % For Morrisons 2012 2011 968 X 100 253 + 5144 + 1600 + 0 887 X 100 266 + 5154 + 1643 + 0 = 13.83 % = 13.70 % Appendix 6 Return on Equity ( ROE ) = Profit after Tax X 100 Share Capital + Reserves For Sainsburys 2012 2011 598 X 100 538 + 5091 640 X 100 535 + 4889 = 10.62 % = 11.79 % For Morrisons 2012 2011 690 X 100 253 + 5144 632 X 100 266 + 5154 = 12.78 % = 11.66 % Appendix 7 Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit X 100 Sales Revenue For Sainsburys 2012 2011 1211 X 100 22294 1160 X 100 21102 = 5.43 % = 5.49 % For Morrisons 2012 2011 1217 X 100 17663 1148 X 100 16479 = 6.89 % = 6.96 %

The Role Of Librarians In National Development Education Essay

The Role Of Librarians In National Development Education Essay Public libraries are inclusive institutions created for everyone to equally and freely access information for educational, social and cultural development; indeed that is the essence of inclusion. However, this is not true because defining and identifying user inclusion is a difficult task due to the wide range of factors that cause potential users exclusion from using public libraries. This is unfortunate, because the major function of a public library is to meet the information needs of all community members without discrimination. Previous research has shown that librarians usually draw two conclusions about exclusion factors: first, it is users personal preference when they do not use library services; and secondly, inadequate marketing of public library services to the citizenry. This is due to the fact that a public library as an inclusive institution is so ardently incorporated into the identity of public librarianship that questioning the social inclusiveness of libraries rar ely occurs. This paper examines the issue of exclusion, attempts to define the inclusive society, and subsequently makes recommendation on how the librarians can use their professional capacity in service provision to combat the exclusion in the society in turn enhance development. Keywords: Evolving Professional Roles Introduction The term public library first appeared in Latin (bibliotheca publica) as a technical term in the 17th Century to distinguish the general University libraries of Oxford and Cambridge by then from those of endowed libraries (Kinya, 2011). UNESCO (1994) showed its recognition of public libraries when it stated that the public library is the principal means where the records of mans thoughts and ideas and the expression of his imagination are made freely available to all. In its manifesto, UNESCO further directs that the public library shall in principle be free of charge and services should be provided on the basis of equality of access for all persons regardless of age, race, gender, religion, nationality, language or social status. The manifesto declares UNESCOs belief in the public library as a breathing force for education, culture and information and as an indispensable agent for the nurturing of peace and spiritual wellbeing of society. This is in line with Cullen(2003) who define d public library system as a combination of people, activities, events and object resources working together to convert inputs to outputs. Such libraries serve communities with multipurpose information free of charge or at nominal fee (Thompson, 1974). Initially, Tanzania Library Service (TLS), established 1975, succeeding the Tanganyika Library Services Board of 1963. TLS has authority over documentation services, training of librarians public libraries, literary campaigns and it promotes indigenous literature. Public library and Information Access Discussion of the concept of public libraries would bear less meaning if global emphasis on freedom of access to information and the right to information are not mentioned here. The right of access to information is considered as a crucial human right and useful tool for individual, societal prosperity, freedom and development. An informed society exercises it democratic rights and plays a vigorous role in the society. However, productive contribution and the development of democracy depend on acceptable education and unlimited access to thought, culture and information (Kinya, 2011). Freedom of access to information (to use, share and distribute) is a right praised by some as the very core of the information society, and accused by others of being a merely formal standard with little practical reality in a world where the majority of the population does not have access to information (Pateman, 2010). With access to information, people should freely express themselves, since freedom of expression is one of the basic conditions for societys progress and for the development of every man. The effective implementation of freedom of expression requires citizens access to express opinions and to seek information in the public sphere; hence one of the current biggest challenges is to ensure that the exclusive charter of the information society is replaced by inclusiveness. This is something that any popular government in the world should pursue as echoed by some researchers who pointed out that a popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both (Pateman, 2010; Lor, 2003). In support of what the governments should do to realize this dream of developing an informed society, the World Summit on the information society (WSIS) Declaration of 2003 created a vision for the information society. The WSIS defined information society as a people-centered, inclusive and development oriented information society, where everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge to enable individuals, communities and peoples to achieve their full potential in promoting their sustainable development and improving their quality of life. Unequal access to information leads to unequal distribution of wealth and resources in the world and poverty and lack of infrastructure and development at all levels, for example, health and education. Public Libraries thus form a basic information delivery infrastructure and act as repositories of information and knowledge that provide access to information and ideas to people. This may have been the principle behind the Governing Board of IFLA, in its anniversary meeting in Glasglow, Scotland (2002) that declared that public libraries should: Ensure their services respect equity Provide access to information, ideas and works of imagination in various formats, supporting personal development of all age groups and active participation in society and decision-making process Contribute to the development and maintenance of intellectual freedom and help safeguard basic democratic values and universal civil rights Acquire, preserve and make available to all users without discrimination the widest variety of materials; and Tackle information inequality demonstrated in the growing information gap and the digital divide. Social Information Exclusion Information exclusion and inclusion debates have emerged as strong issues at both national and international levels in the recent past. Social information exclusion offends human dignity, denies information seekers their fundamental human rights which threatens the democracy of any nation. According to UK government, social exclusion is a shorthand term for what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low income, poor housing, high crime, bad health and family breakdown. Social exclusion can happen to anyone either directly or indirectly. However, some people are significantly more at risk than others (Pateman, 2010). Social exclusion refers to needs of groups and individuals who do not have access to services and facilities or to a societys decision making and or power structures and this is sometimes seen as a key policy issue (Pateman, 2010). Rao (2005) suggested that social exclusion can never be contained in isolation but the effort has to be multidimensional and multi-pronged. These dimensions are both technological and economic and include connectivity, content, community, commerce, capacity, culture, cooperation and capital (Rao, 2000). The prevailing discourse concerning social exclusion reflects a set of views about those who are disadvantaged: suffering from poverty, poor housing and health, family breakdown, unemployment, criminal environments and limited life chances, and about the barriers that prevent their social integration. Social exclusion is the result of combination of linked problems and affects both individuals and communities. The causes are seen as multiple and complex, and therefore need to be tackled in a holistic way rather than each being seen as separate and unrelated. It requires joined-up solutions. This means that the Tanzania Library Services must work together in partnership with both public and private organization to tackle social information exclusion. Exclusion has been seen as the inevitable consequence of economic growth and development. Social and cultural regeneration are now needed to address the problems that have resulted. It is argued that social exclusion denies people their f undamental human rights leading to social and economic instability, marginalization and deepening inequalities, which threatens the stability of democracy in Tanzania . Social Information Inclusion In the context of provision of information to all, social information inclusion refers to giving all people access to the information, services and facilities that they have a right to, and making sure that they are fully aware of and know how to take up their entitlement to these services (MLA, 2007, p.9). Social inclusion has various benefits that include: Democratic participation and understanding Provision of information to all members of a society is essential for public participation in all activities pertaining to the society. The public is truly able to participate in the democratic process only when they have information about the activities and policies of the government. When the public knows the reasons behind some of the government decisions, its support is guaranteed and misunderstandings and dissatisfaction are reduced. This was supported by New Zealand Official Information Act of 1982 which noted that freedom of information could not be expected to end all differences of opinion within the community or to resolve major political issues but when applied systematically can lead to narrow differences of opinion, increase the effectiveness of policies adopted and strengthen public confidence in the system (Pateman, 2010). Improved decision making process Past researches indicate that decisions that are made public due to right to information laws are more likely to be based on objective and justifiable reasons. For example, the Australian law reform commission and administration Review Council in 1997 found out that freedom of information Act has had a marked impact on the way people make decisions and record information. The Commission observed that since the enforcement of the right to information to all, decision makers focused on the need to base decisions on relevant information. Reduce danger of human rights violations Right to information to improve the enforcement of many economic and political rights is greatly enhanced. For example, In Thailand, a mother whose daughter was denied entry into an elite state school demanded the schools entrance exam results. When she was turned down, she appealed to the Information Commission Courts. In the end, she obtained information showing that children of influential people were accepted into the school even if they got low scores. This compelled the council of state to issue an order that all schools accept students solely on merit. In addition, access to individual records ensures such records are accurate and decisions are not based on out-of-date or irrelevant information. The right to information has other advantages that include exposing corruption, making government and the economy more efficient; uncover mismanagement of food supplies; making economic shortages less likely; and expose environmental hazards that threaten health and livelihoods. Aspects of Information Exclusion Literacy levels and language of publications Levels of literacy and the predominance of principal world languages such as English as the language of printed and online information are elements of exclusion. Many oral communities are not able to make meaning through interaction with printed resources, and hence are unable to participate in the envisaged information society. Those oral communities consider interaction with information resources as a one way communication system, quite discontinuous with indigenous forms of communication. To tackle this challenge of literacy, TLS, which is the major public library in Tanzania, through various reading campaigns, provides opportunities for communities to enhance their reading and information seeking habits, and therefore sustain literacy. It is clearly known that, an informed individual has more advantages on proper decision towards development issue compared to a illiterate. Physical Access to libraries According to Kiondo (1998) distance from the library is a crucial factor in its use. The nearer the library, the more people will use it; and the further it is away; the less people will use it. Their research on Camel libraries affirmed this when the findings indicated that more users were within a distance of 1km from where public library services were being offered. Many libraries in Tanzania are concentrated in cities and major towns in Tanzania. This leaves the remote parts of the country excluded from access to information that is crucial for the communities to make informed decisions (Jemo, 2008) as an example from Kenya. Over the years, the Government of Tanzania through the Tanzania Library Services (TLS) has tried to eliminate this kind of exclusion by opening community and mobile libraries. Currently, TLS has over 50 branches spread countrywide. However, much more needs to be done because there are still large populations in exclusion that need to be included. Thus, among the 26 regions in Tanzania, there are still many districts where such libraries have not yet been established. It should be noted that Tanzania economy is backed on agriculture, of which are found in rural areas (districts). Challenged Persons The available public libraries in Tanzania were not designed keeping in mind the needs of the physically and visually challenged information users. This disadvantaged group form party of the society that needs information to enable them participate in all areas of national development. They also need to be sensitized more on their rights; something that can happen only if they have access to relevant information. ICT skills Many public libraries today have developed to what we call hybrid type; providing both print and electronic resources, while putting more emphasis on electronic resources due to their ability to be accessed by multiple users concurrently. Inadequate ICT skills and support to use electronic resources is however a significant factor in preventing certain persons from accessing information in Tanzania. Potential information users in many of the disadvantaged groups are often prevented from making use of ICTs because of low levels of computing and technology skills. This challenge is made more complex by attitudinal barriers with some excluded citizens pointing out that computers are for brainy people, for males, for the young and are difficult to use (Muddiman et al, 2001). Others feel that computers are unsafe because of the amount of unsuitable material on the internet (Botha et al, 2002,p. 22). Further research has indicated some disparities between male and female use in ICTs with access to the internet by male counterparts being greater in developing countries than female (United Nations , 2000). This has had serious implications, especially for women in the participation of national and global economic growth. Connectivity Though internet facilities are fairly spread in Tanzania like any other country in East Africa, there is remarkable concentration in urban centres with institutions far remote from cities experiencing difficulties in getting connection (Mutula,2002), an evidence of low level of exclusion with regard to ICT network. Hence appropriate technology for rural and disadvantaged communities is lacking. Even in the areas where communities are connected and have the skill to access online information they face another challenge of low speed internet and limited bandwidth. For example, to open a document to read takes quite a while because of the snail speed of the internet. Funding The planning, executing and implementation of any programme requires considerable financial support. However, the extent of financial support whether at local government or provincial government level in developing countries and particularly in Tanzania, has not always been consistent (Raju, 1995, p.194). Survey findings of the public library sector in Tanzania revealed inadequate funding and the consequential negative impact on important aspects of public library provision (Leach, 1998). A memorandum drawn up by the Library and Information Association of South Africa (LIASA) and directed at various ministers noted that the public library services have been steadily declining and deteriorating as a result of legislative and funding issues resulting from restructuring of government at national and provincial levels. Public library funding challenges were further emphasized by Ford (2004) who pointed out that funding is one of the major challenges for public libraries around the world. Without adequate funds, public libraries are not able to acquire enough information resources to meet the needs of an inclusive society. Bridging the Information Gap and the Way Forward Librarians as Information providers can make available a variety of information collections which can be used from various physical public library location. A range of publications and access formats can be accommodated, from remote login catalogues and indexes to provision of electronic copies of entire collection or works, in print or other formats (Muddiman etal, 2001). Librarians have knowledge and experiences to build a well-balanced collection to meet social, political and economic interests of the society. This can be enhanced by giving special consideration in provision of information to predominantly oral rural communities in Tanzania. Librarians need to shift focus on documents and focus on information seekers. Traditional librarianship has been based on selecting materials to fill public library shelves and then wait for information seekers to visit the facility in search of information. On the contrary, in order for the library personnel to effectively meet information seekers diverse life needs, the information services have to be informed by the communities in which the libraries operate, and information needs to be based on regular assessment processes. Repackaging the product of orality is essential considering that communities are rich with information that is in oral form that needs to be captured and repackaged (manuscripts and print) in the appropriate media such as video, digital photos, and tapes in a collaborative and ethical manner. This should be based on the understanding of the communities to which the information service is being provided. Librarians should become researchers to enable them to frequently interact with library users and prompt them to define their information needs. It is the responsibility of the librarian to then prioritize highly relevant information from a pool of interesting information according to user preferences (Kenny, 2002). In addition, the librarian should identify through community profiles and other methodologies such as needs analysis, all groups and individuals that are socially excluded or are at risk of information exclusion for inclusion. Librarians should effectively play the role of a reference and referral information manager. This will involve directing members of the knowledge community to outside information when appropriate and maintain high level information about sources outside the community (ibid). A reference librarian needs to be widely knowledgeable in terms of resources and where they can be found for use and appropriately directing information seekers to relevant information resources. Librarians through their professional Associations such as Tanzania Library Association (TLA) should establish a Council Committee on social information exclusion. This Council would be charged with the responsibility of highlighting the plight of those socially excluded, draw up strategies on narrowing the exclusion gap and come up with progress reports. The Council should actively engage the socially excluded people through involving them in the planning, implementation and monitoring of services through performance indicators and targets to measure success achieved in tackling social exclusion. The image and identity of a public library is also an important factor when discussing social inclusion matters. The connotation of some of the public library names is unwelcoming. The librarian can positively influence this by considering local measures such as renaming the libraries, (for example Community resource centres, Idea stores and many more). This is in line with Ward (1996) idea of changing names of libraries when he pointed out that the term mobile information delivery systems is more appropriate than the mobile libraries.The rebranding of a traditional public library name gives it a new image that is proactive, friendly, relevant and easily accessible environment. Other library practices and procedures should be reviewed to ensure they are not barriers to information access. For instance, procedures of becoming public library members should not be over-bureaucratic. Librarians should also establish more self-help public access terminal to overcome barriers to use experi enced by some excluded potential information users. Librarians need to be careful when planning for new public libraries. Priority should be given to those libraries serving communities in greatest need. Relocation and collocation with community centres, schools, leisure centres and other centres used by socially excluded people should be considered in order to improve the impact of public libraries in tackling social exclusion (Pateman, 2010). Working with neighbouring authorities to effectively deliver services to socially excluded communities may be an appropriate action for librarians to take. Collection development needs to be critically examined to ensure that it is comprehensive enough and relevant to the community which the library serves. The policy should be based on the needs and interests of local potential information users, reflecting diversity of society as well as define purpose, scope and content of the collection (Kinya, 2011). Librarians also need to liaise with material suppliers (writers, publishers, booksellers etc.) to identify the range of materials available for socially excluded people and gaps in that provision. To remain relevant, Librarians should draw up ICT plans outlining how the needs of those excluded communities and individuals are to be prioritized (Jemo, 2008).Take a case in Kenya Mutula (2002, p.3) puts it that wider Internet connectivity can enhance Kenyas economic growth meaning more people spending more time on the Internet and many organizations using the Internet to do business and creation of many technical related jobs. It is therefore the responsibility of librarians to improve connectivity, increase access, through use of multiple competing technologies, public and community access points, and sharing of best practices. Public library human resources should also be developed through ICT trainings, enhanced awareness of decision makers, and expansion of ICT learning opportunities to the rural, poor, and disenfranchised (Wolff , 2005). The Future In the context of a government that wishes to give a higher profile to information access, we need to raise critical questions about policies and the role of information access in reducing social exclusion. The emphasis on joined-up thinking at least recognizes the complexities of social and cultural life, and moves citizens away from over simplistic notions about the causes of poverty, unemployment, racism and other forms of discrimination. Librarians need to be aware of making simplistic assumptions, especially when there is prior experience upon which to draw their information decisions for the benefit of the citizenry. Despite their different epistemological bases, it is possible to be argued that there can be no social inclusion unless there is social exclusion. The elimination of social exclusion as a practical activity is unachievable. Moreover, seeking to promote social inclusion heighten awareness of difference and social exclusion. In this sense, we need to understand that non-exclusion is not the same as inclusion, and that we must avoid taking away the freedom of those who choose not to be included. Conclusion The social information exclusion in public libraries in Tanzania is real. Therefore along term effort to meet the needs of the excluded and vulnerable society with a commitment to improved information structures will contribute to meeting the information needs of the excluded information seekers in public libraries. This will only be achieved if there is improved and well coordinated information infrastructure. Regular information user surveys reviews will go a long way in minimizing information provision exclusion and subsequently increase inclusion of information services and programs. Librarians in Tanzania therefore have a greater opportunity to make meaningful contribution to the realization of comprehensive information inclusion.

The Morality of Lying in Contrast to the Philosophies of Kant Essay

The young girl gazes at you helplessly from within the tangled wreckage. You witnessed the crash – a massive truck careened into a minivan as it passed on the highway, killing the driver on impact, and virtually tearing the girl in half. Now she hangs from the car, held together by the seatbelt. Her nervous system critically damaged, she can’t feel much pain, but she knows that her situation is not optimal, to say the least. She is six years old – she probably doesn’t understand the concept of death. As you stare equally helplessly into her fear stricken eyes, the only words that you can muster are: â€Å"Don’t worry, everything will be okay.† This is obviously a lie – there is absolutely no chance that the dying girl will indeed survive and have no cause for worry – but this lie contains ideas to sooth her fear, allowing a comparatively peaceful passage out of this life. Surely few would argue that the little girl did not deserve to be comforted, as the alternative seems somewhat heartless – â€Å"Why should I help you? You’re not worth my time, you’ll be dead in a minute.† Indeed, telling the truth, in this case, appears even less moral than the lie. There is, however, at least one who would disagree with this scenario: a certain Immanuel Kant, whose philosophy insists that lying is wrong in every circumstance. But despite Kant’s fervent belief, it is not hard to see how lying can be a beneficial, mutually advantageous, and in fact moral act that still consistently complies with Kant’s own moral imperatives. Because Kant’s philosophy does not specifically define what a â€Å"lie† is, we are led to believe that speaking an untruth, no matter what the context, is strictly immoral. But speaking untruth does not necessitate the negative conno... ...lf to a degree, allowing room for leniency. Lies can be perfectly acceptable, selfless, and moral in the face of a greater evil, or when no harm is being done on any side. Bibliography Gass, R. H., & Seiter, J. S. (1999). Persuasion, Social Influence, and Compliance Gaining. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Henningsen, D. D., Cruz, M. G., & Morr, M. C. (2000). â€Å"Pattern Violations and Perception of Deception.† Communication Reports. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 1-9. http://www.allwords.com/word-white%20lie.html Kant, Immanuel. "The Foundations of Ethics." Moral Philosophy: a Reader. Ed. Louis P. Pojman. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Company, 1993. 194-213. Pruss, Alexander R. "Lying, Deception and Kant." Alexander R. Pruss Ethics Blog. 30 Aug. 2001. Baylor U. 8 Mar. 2008 .

Robert Frost :: essays research papers

Robert Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco. His father was William Frost, a Harvard graduate who was on his way westward when he stopped to teach at Bucknell Academy in Pennsylvania for extra money. His mother, Isabelle Moodie began teaching math at Bucknell while William was there, and they got married and moved to San Francisco. They were constantly changing houses, and William went from job to job as a journalist. About a year after moving to San Francisco, they had Robert. They named him Robert Lee Frost, after William's childhood hero, Robert E. Lee. Frost's father died from tuberculosis at age thirty-four, in 1885. Isabelle took Robert and his sister back east to Massachusetts. Soon they moved to Salem, New Hampshire, where there was a teaching opening. Robert began to go to school and sit in on his mother’s classes. He soon learned to love language, and eventually went to Lawrence High School, where he wrote the words to the school hymn, and graduated as c o-valedictorian. Frost read rabidly of Dickens, Tennyson, Longfellow, and many others. Frost was then sent to Dartmouth college by his controlling grandfather, who saw it as the proper place for him to train to become a businessman. Frost read even more in college, and learned that he loved poetry. His poetry had little success getting published, and he had to work various jobs to make a living, such as a shoemaker, a country schoolteacher, and a farmer. In 1912 Frost gave up his teaching job, sold his farm, and moved to England. He received aid from poets suck as Edward Thomas and Rupert Brooke, and published his first two volumes of poetry, A Boy's Will in 1913, and North of Boston in 1914. These works were well received not only in England, but also in America. Frost returned to America in 1915 and continued writing his poetry. He produced many volumes of poetry, among which are Mountain Interval (1916), West-Running Brook (1928), A Further Range (1936), A Masque of Reason (1945) , and In the Clearing (1962). Frost received the Pulitzer Prize for poetry four times (1924, 1931, 1937, 1943) and became the first poet to read a poem at the presidential inauguration of John F. Kennedy. His poetry was based mainly on life and scenery in rural New England, and reflected many values of American society.

Athletic Training Education Program Essay -- Education School Athletic

Athletic Training Education Program To achieve a degree in Athletic Training, there are many tasks and skills to be learned. The Education Council under the National Athletic Training Association put together an education program filled with a set of guidelines of what has to be taught to graduate with a degree in Athletic Training. Before you can learn and understand Athletic Training, you must know the Anatomy and Physiology of the human body. This includes bones, muscles, levels of organization, tissue levels, systems of the body, skeletal structure, articulations, integrative functions, sensory function, blood, and embryology (Martini, 2001). Besides Anatomy and Physiology, the methods of taping is also extremely critical to this career. Before you can understand what each taping techniques are used for, you must also know about sports injuries. Athletic Training is all about the prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and evaluation of athletic injuries. Another skill that must be learned in the Athletic Trai ning Education Program is how to provide immediate emergency care. That includes everything from background information to actually being able to save an athlete’s or any one else’s life. You must be aware of legal considerations, how and when to approach a victim, the human body systems, examining the victim, basic life support, bleeding and shock, identifying wounds, sudden illnesses, injuries, and how to care for them; also you must be aware of cold and heat related injuries, and how to rescue and move victims (Thygerson, 2001). Other information to be learned includes nutrition, health, and professional development. There are several other topics of Athletic Training; however, there are just to many to s... ...from http://www.doh.state.fl.us/mqa/athtrain/at_ceu.html Hansen, PJ. (2001). The Preferred Learning Styles of Student Athletic Trainers and Certified Athletic Trainers in NATA District IV and DistrictV. Journal of Athletic Training, 36 (2), 45. Retrieved March 7, 2003, from www.journalofathletictraining.org/jatsupplement/athletic.htm Martini, F. (2001). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. NATA Education Council Continuing Education Committee. (2003). Retrieved March 7, 2003, from http://www.csuchico.edu/~sbarker/CEC/index.html Pitney, W. (1998). Continuing Education in Athletic Training: An Alternative Approach Based on Adult learning. Journal of Athletic Training, 33 (1), 72. Retrieved March 6, 2003, from Academic Search/ EBSCO database. Thygerson, A. (2001). First Aid and CPR. Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett.

Arithmetic Mean and Control Groups Essay

1. What demographic variables were measured at least at the interval level of measurements? Marital status should be the interval level of measurement. The distance between being single and married is significant when it comes to fatigue and shared duties if the married couples are living together. 2. What statistics were used to describe the length of labor in this study? Were these appropriate? Both the experimental and control groups used means and standard deviations to describe the length of labor. Yes these statistics are appropriate. 3. What other statistic could have been used to describe the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer. Mode could also have been used in this study and it would have provided an insight to the most common length of labor. Median would be more informative as it would provide the middle point for labor length. 4. Were the distributions of scores similar for the experimental and control groups for the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer. I do not believe so. The standard deviation for the experimental group was only slightly higher at 7. 78hrs than that of the control group’s 7. 2hrs, however the mean of the experimental group of 14. 63hrs is much higher than the control group’s 12. 70hrs. Having an average labor time of almost 2 hours more is significant. Having a similar SD suggests very similar outliers in each group with no radical deviation. 5. Were the experimental and control groups similar in their type of feeding? Provide a rationale for your answer. Yes. Bottle-feeding was the mode for the experimental (53. 1%) and the control (50%) groups since it was the most frequent type of feeding used by both groups 6. What was the marital status mode for the subjects in the experimental and control groups? Provide both the frequency and percentage for the marital status mode for both groups. â€Å"Married† is the highest mode for both groups in the study In the experimental group, the frequency 25 and 78. 1% In the control group, the frequency 31 and 86. 1% 7. Could a median be determined for the education data? If so, what would the median be for education for the experimental and the control groups? Provide a rationale for answer Yes. Education variables have a median equal to 11 for the experimental group and the median equal to 13 for Control group. The control group has more high school education than the experimental group 8. Can the findings from this study be generalized to Black women? Provide a rationale for your answer. The sample results are not reflective of black women due to predominantly White, 92% and 96. 55% in both the experimental and control groups. 9. If there were 32 subjects in the experimental group and 36 subjects in the control group, why is the income data only reported for 30 subjects in the experimental group and 34 subjects in the control group? Because the data is lacking accuracy due to missing variables. 10. Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer. The sample of the study was not adequately described because the experimental group numbers do not add up to 32 and the control group do not have a total of 36 subjects. Also the percentages also do not add up to 100% due to missing data.

Food Street Reaction Paper Essay

I. Introduction Serving different kind of foods all around the Asia is what the food street is in ISHRM. Students with culinary subject prepare different kinds of food which different countries specialized. Arranging different stalls depending on what country they have been assigned and being like from that country from their clothes is what they do next. And then ofcourse they will serve it to all the students and faculty of the school. This tradition made culinary students prepared cooking and serving different dishes with different plating which will attract people to eat their foods. This made students be competitive in cooking their best. Sharing is the meaning of the food street as for what I see. Having people walking around the place and seeing what the foods are in other country shared some information to everyone. Giving knowledge, being competitive, giving foods, be fair, and to give enjoyment is what food street for me is. II. Reaction A great food street, that’s what came in my mind for my first intramural in ISHRM. Though I have been experience having sport fest as part of the intramural from my last school, it’s my first time to attend in some organize celebration like a food street. Actually I never wanted to attend in it from the first; I thought that it will be such a waste of time for I can eat at home. But since I needed it for my subject I decided to go. As I came I was surprised that people are really that busy. They are all competitive. Though students are being everywhere, it is not easy for it to be organized. I am disappointed that it takes too long for it to be started. It’s good that my friends were there. I enjoyed talking to them as we wait for the food serving. Since I wanted to eat early the business administration students in first year level was perfect having their small stall and selling gulaman and melon which taste so good. From my sister and brother who are student of ISHRM from 2010 I heard that food street is giving foods which came from the culinary students, other that I don’t have any idea about what will happen. I don’t expect that the school is really paying attention and prepared for the celebration, though time is not part of it. From 4:00 pm which they said that it will be started, for me it starts at 6:00 pm, I didn’t recognize the judging of the foods which I didn’t saw. And I even didn’t hear the opening speech of the school administrator. I also didn’t saw the theatro dancing because of overcrowded place. Being in the hallway before the canteen we are really surprise about the fireworks which we enjoy. I don’t expect that the school have a lot of fireworks for the intramural celebration. But for me, it’s good that they do the fireworks first before serving foods. It made the students who are waiting for too long have their good moods again. After the fireworks we didn’t know where we should go next and what we should do. Since we are already in the hallway going to the stalls my friends and I decided to divide ourselves for us to save time. Some of us wait for the line for the drinks and some of us look for the line which we should be going for our food. As we saw the right line, we get our foods together with the foods of our other friends. And as we went to the pavilion our drinks were already there and we gave the other foods for them as change for our dinks. III. Recommendation Time management is really what I wanted to recommend first. Let their students know what the time it will start and don’t let their students waiting there for too long. They should also try to look for other bigger place for the celebration. It will be nicer if there are tables and chairs for the next venue of the food street. They should still have the foods prepared in a box so that it will be easier to distribute. They should write to the stub the name of the country so that students will not going to walk and walk all around looking for their line. The foods were not that so good but maybe I am not that type of person who likes to eat foods of other countries. I also saw that serving foods are not fair because two of our friends told us that there dot have rice in their box. And since there is only one food to be assigned for every student, we didn’t know which will be best. I think they should put one food for each country in one box. And if there will be rice, all the box should also have the same contain.