Final Assignment

Additionally, it will show which changes will be made that will have a positive exult to our program not only now, but in the future as well. Readiness of our Leaders There are several leaders in this change the principal, H. O. S. T. Administration Migrant Education, Reading Teacher, several paraprofessionals, and our SST including myself. Together we identify the core elements and negotiate items in our change plan. The main change is to increase the time allotted students to do reading at our program.Program/practices for scale and sustainability Our program has and is having success in empowering students to grow al develop in a safe and caring environment. The area that can be improved the enriching environment, why? First, the program needs to have access computers in the area where HOST is located. Second because the student get computers time only three days out of the week and for 20 minutes a c while at HOST. Third, the students are given 30 minutes, but by the time t' go t o and from the computer lab, which takes them 10 minutes, they only 20 minutes at most.My personal feelings are that our children can benefit from having their own computer lab at HOST or tablets that they can access anytime they are in the aftershock program. Most of the students at our aerogram are of Hispanic decent some of them struggle in reading, comprehension and writing. I can only imagine what can be done to help them in those areas if we had our own computers or tablets. Our student have a 30 minute block in which reading is being implemented already, if v had reading and writing software on tablets Or Computers Our students cal reap the benefits. What is it?Why is it important? In order for our program to continue to empower students to grow and develop in a safe, caring, an educationally enriched environment feel that the students need more reading time. My thoughts are that if the students had tablets in our aftershock program to work with in reading that they would mak e rapid advancement in reading. The stakeholders that will approach are the principal at the school, since she is a person that commends a lot of power In other words when she speaks people listen, plus she knows other people as well that have that type of authority.Identifying the main change will assist us to determine whether or not all elements within this change are crucial. At this point our plan can be tweaked to fit the needs of our studs The need and wiliness of all stakeholders to relocate resources for the Ben f our change plan is amazing. In corporations or companies change is evitable and a must in order to stay in the game. The key to change is to b willing to listen to others opinions. How is it high quality and valued by stakeholders? This change is high quality because of the students that this change target!Most of the students are Engle sis Language Learners and struggle with comprehension. Some of them are behind in their level of reading and writing skills. What results are anticipated? This change will be enriching the students in that they will increase their level of reading, comprehension ND writing skills. The stakeholders will benefit because they will actually s the students progress. Non-negotiable elements of the program/practice There will be items in the change plan that is nonnegotiable in order to keep the integrity of the change.During our planning stages as a group we decided that reading and comprehension were nonnegotiable. These two items are non-negotiable since they are our focal point of interest. Without these two we would not have a need for the change plan. Scale and sustainability scores In order to define the scale and sustainability score of the change plan we ad to review the Scale and Sustainability scores located within the book â€Å"Leading Change Step-By-Step† by Jody Spiro. These results will let us know to what extent certain features have been merged into our program (Spiro, 201 1).Our results sho w that we have an all-inclusive plan, but not all stakeholders have bought into it yet. What this says about us is that we are good at working together and coming up with a plan. However, this does not mean that everyone agrees with it. There is still some resistance to the actual plan change. This of course is expected, since change is never easy, nonetheless a good way to get individuals on board is by communicating and educating them. Education & Communication: One of the best ways to overcome resistance to change is to educate people about the change effort beforehand.Being upfront with education and communication lets everyone have knowledge about the changes. â€Å"People tend to see things that are happening now as more urgent than those that will happen in the future. † (Weber, 2006). Sometimes individuals are afraid of something they do not understand, however once they learn how this change is to come or will be made they are not as afraid. It is only then that they will start asking questions once they are informed. This however is not a guarantee that they will accept the change right away, but now they are more ready to listen to what one has to say.The development of scale and sustainability strategies for the change strategy Creating an environment where there is open communication and providing them an outlet to speak about their concerns will minimize a lot of the resistance. Providing the team with a consistent and clear message will minimize resistance. If change my views or do not sound confident in my change plans, the message will be inconsistent. On the other hand, if I am consistent and clear; offering a clear vision and specific goals to achieve, the team will be focused and know what is expected of them.I will also make sure the â€Å"messages are communicated through the participants' ears† (Spiro, 201 1). Communication is a key element, for this element we scored a five. However, this needs to be on a continual basis i n order for the group to be informed throughout the school year. Communication is not something that happens last minute; it is something that is practice throughout with co- workers. In conclusion ‘Veneered you introduce change, you are sure to encounter barriers† (Drexel & Muskier, 2012). The best change leaders; will have a plan B for when things go wrong.Knowing your group, making sure you communicate with them and realizing you cannot make change happen alone will help your change effort become successful. Communication must be clear and consistent while your plan needs to have important feasible goals. Another area to be aware of is that the plan change is not written on stone and that there might be changes that will take place throughout the planning stages. What one might come up with at the end as a leader for hanger might be totally different than what one started with.

Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort Essay

Within the context of theory illustrates a demanding yet creative shaping of plans, structured requirements, and prediction of a provisional, determined, and systematic sight of phenomena (Chinn, 2011). Nursing theory is a crucial function within the nursing practice. Theories afford nurses with the distinctive facets that are in encompassed within patient care and the nursing profession. Clarification of practice governance, and expectations are also integrated within contextual framework of nursing theory. It bestows various manners to acquire data, examine and study, and foresee the practice of nursing and the outcomes of patient care (Parker, 2010). Kolcaba’s middle range theory of comfort captivated my interest because my impression of comfort curtails that of positive patient outcomes. Comfort is not solitary to just physical ailments, but emotional and psychological measures in addition. Throughout my experiences and years as bedside registered nurse, I can attest that patient requests stem largely from the factor of being made comfortable. As stated above, this not only embraces physical comfort, but something unassuming as a comforting touch or positive attitude to render the positive outcome and a content patient. Absorbing how theory influences practice has been an impediment that I have recently overcame. I was unmindful that certain situations and decision making were reinforced through the use of theory. Examination of the importance of nursing theories, more in depth review of Kolcaba’s theory of comfort, and theory of comfort in nursing practice, education, and research will be reviewed further. Importance of Nursing Theories Separately from the governance of practice and foundation for the practice of nursing, theories furthermore propounds opportunities for nurses in the sense of practical application. Measurable changes and enrichment of the profession occur when nursing theories are incorporated into practice. The benefits of having a defined frame of theory in nursing produces superior patient care, heightened professional repute for nurses, progressed interaction among nurses, and direction for exploration of the practice and education. Theories also illustrate the quality of the nursing profession, and serves as a reservoir of knowledge with the examination of the essential requirements of patients and necessary interventions. In addition, specialized rationales are provided. Succeeding medical doctors orders are not exclusively to the context of nursing care. Nursing care incorporates not only a compassionate attitude but passion for care of patients. The caring component of nursing cannot be measured, rather dissected through theory within the clarification of what nurses do. Systemically this is all supported through abundant theories and theorist. The nursing profession emphasizes on holistic care which is defined as treatment of the whole person. Within this skill is the admittance of problems that are biomedical but also opportune clarification of the well-being and health of a human that introduces added indicators of disease that are non-visualized (Powers, 2011). Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort The origination of Kolcaba’s theory of comfort stemmed was first established in the 1900’s. Founder, Katherine Kolcaba, concluded that for a positive patient outcome to accomplished, comfort is a crucial obligation. Katherine organized a representation for exploring, analyzing, and gauging the care of the patient. Historically, she believed that the product of the profession of nursing is comfort. According to Kolcaba (2010), comfort is achieved in a few diverse ways to include transcendence, relief, and ease. Transcendence represents the aptitude to overcome the lack of comfort sensed by patients through their awareness to cease. Patients are able to rise above their challenges. For example, a post-operative below the knee amputee patient may experience great physical pain from the surgery as well as psychological trauma from the intervention. Pushing forward to regain strength and independence would be an instance of transcendence. Relief constitutes any ordered analgesic medication that can be given to the patient or  non-pharmacologic interventions such as distraction or repositioning. This structure of comfort is experienced as relief. Anxiety reducing measures such as anxiolytics or inducing expression through conversation or other forms of communication can be facilitated. These actions can be constituted as placing the patient at ease. In my day to day professional practice experiences, I come across different situations where comfort may be the only measure to take in a particular patients care. Pharmacological therapy interventions are important for adequate relief, but non-pharmacological interventions are just as imperative. A simple caring touch and tone conditions the patient to an enhanced state. This particular theory affords nurses a better comprehension and obligation to comfort in the practice setting. Nurse are the forefront of healthcare. We have the ability to promptly identify the demands the needs of the patient. Kolcaba’s theory of comfort conforms into the nursing metaparadigm with relation to the three concepts presented: transcendence, relief, and ease. There is a clear consensus about the concepts which includes health, nursing, person, and environment of the metaparadigm. Kolcaba elaborated on the four various experience backgrounds that comfort is achieved. These include environmental, physical, social, and psychospiritual (Kolcaba, 2010). Theory of comfort in nursing practice, education, and research Kolcaba’s theory of comfort guides research in assorted ways. It challenges the nurse to examine the correlation among holistic interventions and different comfort measures. It also imposes a contention between comfort and â€Å"health seeking behaviors†. If the product is positive, than it enhances future endeavors and postulates additional motivators to provide comfort. Institutional outcomes are also examined (Koehn, 2000). References Chinn, P.L., & Kramer, M.K. (2011). Integrated theory and knowledge of development in nursing (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier Koehn, M. (2000) Alternative and complementary therapies for labor and birth: an application of Kolcaba’s theory of holistic comfort. Holistic Nursing Practice. 15(1):66-77 Kolcaba, K. (1992). Holistic comfort: Operationalizing the constructs as a nurse-sensitiveOutcome. Advances in Nursing Science, 15(1), 1-10, p. 6. Kolcaba, K. (1994) A theory of holistic comfort for nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing 19: 1178-1184 Kolcaba, K. & DiMarco, M.A. (2005) Comfort theory and its application to pediatric nursing. Pediatric Nursing, 31(3), 187-194 Parker, M.E., & Smith, M.C. (2010), Nursing theories and nursing practice (3rd ed.) Philadelphia, P.A.: F.A. Davis Company Powers, B.A., & Knapp, T.R. (2011). Dictionary of nursing theory and research (4th ed.). York: Springer Publisher Company

Forfeiture of Rockies Oil to its Interests in the Farmout Agreement Term Paper

Forfeiture of Rockies Oil to its Interests in the Farmout Agreement - Term Paper Example Rockies Oil should not forfeit its interest in the Farmout Agreement, as it is quite clear from current situation that Aussie Oil has succeeded in producing results and there are better chances in future, as the involved parties anticipate that Bigger Field will produce twice as much oil as expected. Previously Rockies Oil regarded that all their money got wasted because of failure of first two oil wells but with the recent success, the company has some hope in the newly drilled well and also the coming explorations. Therefore, the joint venture should be retained. As for now, Rockies Oil has not paid for the third well. Aussie Oil asked the company to pay $ 400,000 for the third well but it refused to pay because of previous failures. However, now, there can be some arbitration process hiring three arbitrators, one from Aussie Oil, one from Rockies Oil and one neutral to resolve the dispute so that Rockies Oil can get its share in the production of oil from the third well along with Bigger Field. Nevertheless, in this situation, the company has to bear the costs involved in digging the well and the coming costs for new tests. The fact should not be looked over that risks are involved in every business. MSOC (Molvanian State Oil Company) has refused to consent the assignment of Farmout interests to Rockies Oil because the company has not paid the costs for the third well and also refused to buy a new SUV to the Financial Officer of MSOC for inspecting Bigg and Bigger Fields. MSOC should be made to allow Rockies Oil to continue with the Farmout Agreement and for that, there should be some dealing with the company. A representative should be sent to sort out the issue with MSOC and the objections of the company should be notified and resolved accordingly. Rockies Oil after its merger with Scots Oil Co. can share the information about the third well because, after the merger, the new company will be its part then. Rockies Oil should  wait till the merger is finally done.  

Gay marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gay marriage - Essay Example Here the bodies and souls must be of a girl and a boy, and not of two boys or two girls. In gay marriage, often the interests of the persons involved are considered and the greater interest of the society and religions are overlooked. For, gay marriages cannot fulfill the ultimate aim of marriage- to give birth to new generations. The governments are now-a-day issuing license to same sex marriage couples as the first step of approving their relation. Moreover, in 2006 the New Jersey Supreme Court ordered to allow the same sex married couples civil unions, ensuring state level spousal rights that the couples of opposite sex would enjoy under the same legislation. In May 2008, the California Supreme Court made a ruling that same sex couples have the right to marry. But, proposition 8 was passed banning gay marriage in California in November of the same year. Early in October 2008, the Connecticut Supreme Court made a verdict that ban on same gay marriage is a violation of the equal protection clause under the state constitution and it became the second state to give legitimacy to it. In April 2009 Iowa Supreme Court accepted it followed by Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine bringing number of states to approve gay marriage into six. The ruling of the federal district judge in California made it clear that the pro position 8 apparently violated some of the provisions of equal protection of the US constitution. Recently in June of this year the New York assembly passed legislation in favor of same sex marriage. (â€Å"Same sex..†). One of the vicious effects of gay marriage would be that it can lead us to polygamy and â€Å"polyamory† where a person will have more than one spouse or physical relation with many at a time (Kurtz). If gay sex is legalized the polygamists and cohabiting relatives and friend as well suit for their recognition. Such an incident will question the legacy of the institution of marriage and a

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Management - Essay Example It can be even stated that, in general, both companies have rather similar marketing strategies and that the major sales tool of both is physical indoor sales. However, the reason for which Barnes & Noble has a leading position is its e-reader called the Nook. Surely, Borders Books, just like its rival, has some online presence. However, this online presence was present via Amazon.com only. In addition, the Nook, together with Kindle of Amazon, has opened a qualitatively different era in the development of the book and e-book market. Having created and market these electronic devices, Amazon and Barnes & Noble have, actually, created a totally different from traditional one niche of the book market. Selling electronic books involves working with a different market segment and target audience. This, in its turn, calls for much time and resources of the company. While spending on developing new technologies and broadening the range of prospects was a new concept for Amazon, Barnes & No ble, being a representative of traditional – paper – publishing, had to invest much into developing and implementing the change. However, this change, finally, became a competitive advantage of the company. This change can even be called a breakthrough innovation on the basis of using and improving existing technology, plus â€Å"departure from the existing market segment† (Benner and Tushman 2003, 239). Thus, having adopted or redesigned the newest technologies available in the industry, Barnes & Noble have created new benefits for their clients and, in such a way, might have even attracted new clients (Zhou, Yim, and Tse 2005, 43). This, according to Zhou, Yim, and Tse (2005, 42) shows that Barnes & Noble has managed to remain competitive because it is more market oriented: market orientation, according to the scientists’ research â€Å"facilitates innovations that use advanced technology and offer greater benefits to mainstream customers† (Zhou, Yim and Tse 2005, 42). Therefore, since the market is changing and is becoming more technologically advanced, the companies working in the industry must adapt to the changes and change themselves. This statement is also supported by Goksel Yalcinkaya, Roger J. Calantone, and David A. Griffith (2007), who outline that â€Å"firm capabilities related to product innovation are central to continued corporate survival† (Yalcinkaya, Calantone and Griffith 2007, 63). The major problem of Borders Books, therefore, is that it didn’t pay enough attention to the changes that took place in the market and, as a result, did not respond in a timely and effective manner. It should also be remembered that, in addition to Barnes & Noble and Borders Books, there is another huge player in the market – Amazon.com. This company can be said to be the most technologically advanced and, as a result, the most successful in the e-book market. Borders Books, according to Neary (2011, 4) w as for many years relying heavily on Amazon to handle their e-commerce function. This shows that, while Borders Books were working on expanding its physical world presence, not enough effort had been given to building online presence. This can be named one of the major mistakes of the company because, considering the recent growth of virtual marketplace, the niche should not have been overlooked by a company willing to grow and develop. A good lesson from history on this matter is presented by Utterback (1994, 8), who

Testing of biomolecules Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Testing of biomolecules - Lab Report Example This research will begin with the statement that biomolecules are molecules that are produced by living organisms and which play certain roles in the life of the organism. They include proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids and lipids. Â  The knowledge of the organic molecules forms the basis in the study of biochemistry and medical sciences together with understanding how the body works. The body has a mechanism for ensuring that the molecules are regulated in the body and any deficiency is detected through various clinical manifestations. Some of the biomolecules are synthesized in the body while others are acquired through the food that we eat. For instance, when we come to amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins, they are divided into essential and non-essential ones. The essential ones are not synthesized in the body and so the body has to get them from the environment through the food that we eat. The various biomolecules play different roles in our bodies. T he carbohydrates serve as the primary source of energy. They are divided into three groups, the monosaccharaides which are the simple sugars, the disaccharides which are formed by the dehydration process when two monosaccharide molecules are brought together. An example is the formation of lactose from glucose and galactose. Proteins are important in growth and repair. They also form the enzymes and hormones which are important in various catalytic metabolic processes in the body.

SOCIOLOGY (BOOK HOWELL and COSTLEY) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SOCIOLOGY (BOOK HOWELL and COSTLEY) - Essay Example n is considered to be one of the most important factors and all most all the companies look for new methods to motivate the employees and to bring out the best out of them. This paper will focus upon the different leadership behaviors and the best leadership behavior which should be adopted to meet the company’s goals. Leader effectiveness is determined by what people do, not by some inherent personal characteristic... Im not saying personal characteristics dont help; they certainly do. But leaders have to adapt their behavioral styles to fit the situations in which they find themselves" (p. 7).   Howell says the good news is most people can learn leader behaviors and learn to recognize situations in which certain behaviors are most important.   Howell and Costley (2001) argue for the match of leader behavior, leader traits and characteristics, follower characteristics, and the situation at hand.   And there are seven leader types, fit for various behavioral processes and situations in my read of their leader theory: And now we have left the obsession with one best style of leadership. There is no universal style. There is as I have suggested, a dimension of behaviors running between Transactional and Transformational. The behavior school to this point is fixated on the transactional. To find transformational we must sail to the Isle of Situation.† ( Howell and Costley, 12 September 2008). The same principles of Howell and Costley are elucidates in the paper. There are mainly five major behavior patterns namely, supportive behavior, directive behavior, participative behavior, reward and punishment behavior and charismatic behavior. Every behavior pattern has its own pros and cons. But the behavior pattern which works out the best is undoubtedly reward and punishment behavior. In this the terms and conditions are made very clear to the employees, any breach of these terms and conditions result in punishment, on the other hand if the employee performs well,

Media anylsis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media anylsis - Essay Example To drive analysis magazine actually published. Through very careful fact, the form of the deduction of exact data about the assembly for who it is intended. Once you've wise periodical, a thesis and compose 750-word term paper founded on your results. Cosmopolitan entails "having broad worldwide complexity." In supplement, the well liked drink made well renowned by HBO Sex in the City. Each month, distinct hegemonic pieces are offered to the goal assembly of Cosmopolitan as a entails to persuade their yearns to discover about sex, latest tendency and attractiveness, while extending to reinforce automatically diverging notions that women are defectives, and should change yourself to be more gladly acknowledged the men and remainder of society. Cosmopolitan drive all items and advertisements to exact goal markets. Readers of the magazine encompass the first lone, white, peak men of the middle class and women elderly 18 to 70 years. Cosmo encompasses forms of other nationalities, but fo cuses on employers in the Caucasus. There are two kinds of readers who will purchase Cosmopolitan: one that delicacies he like his Bible and one that loves to joke and have joy monthly magazine provides. Each propel kind has distinct goals, anxieties and interests. True to the magazine-lover mindfully read the items from starting to end with the aim of discovering the newest latest tendency tips and attitudes from fervent sex that she "should trial it out tonight!" This is a book reader of his very well liked topics, possibly, "Real Life Reads" and wants "Love and Lust" and had increased this month. The casual book reader, although, did not the identical expectations (Ken 2010). Some of the reasons of a publication can be to encourage a political or lesson reason, to announce, to deal goods, and to entertain. In my attitude, Cosmopolitan, has what it takes to be called one of the large-scale snowboard magazines on the market. It is in converses with riders from all distinct nations, and informative items that notify us "losers" as is "an astonishing way to move." Especially manage not overlook to "buy" photographs, where they brag of their young individual travellers' Red Destruction "(a period utilised to interpret numerous snowboarders travelling the large-scale snow). Interview in this magazine actually stand out. The interviewer does become very individual and it makes the book reader seem as if they were in the room with the man. What actually got to me was a little consideration with Risto Scott. I read the starting of this interview, and was hooked. There were four parts of the column. The first, deserving "Inspiration", created of five parts intermediate enterprises on how to make your first magazine of achievement and how to endure in a world of writing. In the pillar of the next part, "business" and focus solely on announcing and the distinct procedures that can be utilised to get published. In the third part pillar called "technical" and comprises f our short items on distinct procedures of composing that may be helpful to writers of diverse genres. In the last pillar of the part titled "FYI" and was about to compose, and imminent events (Thompson 2007). Selected items from this magazine were

The rate of the reaction Essay Example for Free

The rate of the reaction Essay

The Declaration of Independence and David Simon Essay Example for Free

The Declaration of Independence and David Simon Essay In this essay, I will explain what â€Å"The Declaration of Independence† says about the people’s right to happiness and compare it to David Simon’s essay There Are Now Two Americas. My County is a Horror Show and what he believes about Americans enjoying the same rights. David Simon believed that happiness involves money, land and opportunity. Lastly I will give my opinion on what I believe the right to pursue happiness involves and means. According to the first draft of The Declaration of Independence, people’s rights were being ignored by the King. Thomas Jefferson once said â€Å"mankind is more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed† (Jefferson,1), this is telling us that the people are allowing the corrupt government to take over their life and put them through suffering that they do not deserve or want. â€Å"Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed† (Jefferson, 1), this one ruler mentality also known as absolute monarchy lets the ruler have full control of everything and has no limits on his wishes or power. This type of government allowed the one ruler or king to take away people’s right to be heard, seen and ultimately their happiness. One would think that because they live in the United started of America everybody gets treated equally, but in reality, they are wrong. In David Simon’s essay There Are Now Two Americas. My County is a Horror Show, Simon expresses his view on how Americans are not enjoying the same rights as others and how rich people have taken over the government. Simon also says â€Å"You witnessed it again with the healthcare debacle in terms of the $450m that was heaved into congress† (Simon, 3). He believed that rich people bought the government with their money so they could make more money and be richer. The lower class was always fighting to get basic need services such as healthcare and education. Most were at risk of becoming drug addicts and/or homeless. Many immigrants or citizen just wanted to live the American dream, which is considered the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward social  mobility that one will achieve through hard work. David Simon believed that money, land or to have opportunity to live a happy life is not based on money. Simon considers that with a minimum wage salary, a small home and a fair government you will be able to pursue and eventually acquired complete or full happiness. He says that the government has only helped the working class by raising wages and going into war so they can win more land and build more factories. In his essay, Simon says â€Å"It took a working class that had no discretionary income at the beginning of the century, which was working on subsistence wages. It turned it into a consumer class† (Simon, 2). The government has converted our people into working animals that only care about making or earning more money to waste it on unnecessary stuff they like but do not need. The engine that drove them to this gullible mentality was the ability to make money and realizing that they are able to afford everything they want and desire even when this desires are not needed. Having a fair society is being able to have moral choices without jeopardizing happiness. â€Å"Are we all in this together or are we all not?† (Simon, 5), David Simon is asking that as Americans we have to work together as a team to ensure everyone has their basic rights and happiness. He believed that capitalism is a good way of making money but it does not solve moral problems. â€Å"The other thing that was there in 1932, that isn’t there now is that some element of the popular will could be expressed through the electoral process in my country† (Simon, 5), he goes to say this because in 1932 the government bought the elections and the people of America were not able to choose their government. I believe that the right to pursuit happiness involves you speaking up when you feel your unalienable rights are being violated. The key word is pursuit, we all have the right to go after the things we want and what we think will make us happy; but happiness is not guarantee, is just the ability to look for it. Furthermore, happiness is not an entitlement either. We all have the right to take action for our own happiness as long as one’s rights are not being infringed. Unalienable rights are given to all human beings by their creator. It is the government’s responsibility to protect them without violating them. Finally, live life in a manner that you believe will lead you to happiness.

Definition of lifespan development or lifespan psychology

Definition of lifespan development or lifespan psychology The definition of lifespan development or lifespan psychology is implicit in the term itself. Lifespan developmental psychology or lifespan psychology deals with the study of individual development from conception into old age (Baltes et al 1980). This definition implies the notion that an individual progresses through various developmental stages or phases throughout his or her lifetime. The theories that present the development of an individual in stages is known as stage theories. In analyzing the stages of an individuals lifespan, many theories have been posited by a number of psychologists who have studied particular aspects of the lifespan. Some of these theorists are Jean Piaget, who posited the cognitive developmental theory. During the 20th century, he was one of the most influential researchers in the area of developmental psychology, and posited that individuals progress through four stages of development in mental and reasoning capacities. There is also a psychosexual theory, posited by Sigmund Freud, the father of psychology. He believed that the individual progresses through five stages of sexual development, each of which has a relating psychological principle. Freud believed that if each stage of sexual development was handled well, the individual would evolve into a mature, well-adapted person. A few other theorists are Erik Erikson, who posited the psychosocial theory of development; Lawrence Kohlberg, who posited the theory of moral development ; and James Fowler who posited the psycho spiritual theory of human development. The study of Lifespan Development is of extreme relevance and importance to the Counselling and Consulting Psychologist. The theorists, through years of research, provide a sound basis for understanding the individuals progression through the lifespan. As can be seen from the preceding paragraph, various theorists pay attention to specific aspects of human development, for example, Erikson primarily studied the psychosocial development of the individual. In this way, they were able to spend much time in observation and preparation, thus making the theory reliable. The theories provide a guide as to the developmental stages and expectation of each stage across the lifespan. Therefore, being aware of each theory and its basic tenets will arm the psychologist and give him a birds eye view into the functioning and capabilities of the client. The theory will assist the psychologist to easier detect what may be the clients presenting problems. As with all theories, the theories of Lifespan Development should not be accepted as laws, but simply as guides to the developmental stages through which an individual may progress. The constant nature-nurture debate is ever present in the study and practice of Lifespan Psychology. The individuals nature, that is, his or her genetic make-up and biological predispositions; as well as nurture, which is the environment in which he or she exists, (and there can be several environments, such as school, home, church) contribute to the individuals development. Because of this, the theories cannot be taken as rigid and inflexible boundaries in the psychologists practice. This paper, will discuss the application of lifespan psychology to two cases that may be faced by a counselling psychologist. I will also include discussions on how my own experiences and development would influence my counselling ability and technique in relation to the two scenarios. The first scenario describes a 16 year old girl whose biological mother migrated to England when she was 5 years old. She is now living with her grandparents. Her father is unknown, and her mother has made contact three times since she migrated. There has been no visitation. The 16 year old is suffering from symptoms of withdrawal, tearfulness, and anxiety. Immediately, attachment issues spring to my mind. Attachment may be defined as the strong affectional tie between infants and their caregivers (Baron, 2001). John Bowlby did much research on attachment in humans (1969, 1973, 1977, 1980). His theory holds that the early experiences of infants attachment become cognitively represented in the form of internal working models of the self and others. These models take in expectations about self-worth, and the extent to which others are reachable and responsive in providing support and protection. These models continue to develop over time. He found that attachment does not emerge suddenly, but rather, develops over four phases. Based on this theory, Schaffer (1996; cited in Santrock, 2008) identified four stages of attachment: Phase 1: Birth to 2 months. At this stage, infants instinctively turn their attachment to humans. Even strangers are likely to elicit crying or smiling from the infant. Phase 2: 2 to 7 months. At this stage, attachment becomes focused on a single figure, which is usually the primary caregiver, and the baby gradually learns to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people. Phase 3: 7 to 24 months: Here, specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers. Phase 4: 24 months onward. Children become aware of the feelings of others, as well as others goals and plans, and they begin to take these into account in forming their own actions. In one research known as the Strange Situation done by Ainsworth (1979), based on Bowlbys attachment theory, she identified four types of attachment. Most infants show secure attachment, which means that they freely explore new environments, using the caregiver as a secure base. They may or may not cry when the caregiver leaves the room, and later when she returns, the babies actively seek contact with her, stop crying quickly, and soon return to previous activities. Another group of infants, based on Ainsworths test, displayed insecure/avoidant attachment. These infants do not cry when caregivers leave the room, and react in much the same way to strangers as to their caregivers. They do not usually reestablish connection on her return. If contact is established, the infant usually leans or looks away. A third group of infants displays a pattern described as insecure/ambivalent attachment. These babies usually cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closene ss. In the research, these infants often cling anxiously to the caregiver, cry loudly when she leaves, and push away if she tries to comfort them on her return. The final group of babies was described as having insecure/disorganized attachment. These babies were shown to be disorganized and disoriented. They may also appear dazed, confused and fearful. Early attachment to a caregiver is important and relates to a childs social behaviour in later development. In one study conducted by Alan Stroufe and his colleagues (2005; cited in Santrock, 2008), it was found that early secure attachment (occurring between 12 and 18 months) was linked with positive emotional health, high self-esteem, self confidence and socially competent interactions with peers, teachers, and romantic partners through adolescence. According to Santrock (2008), consistently positive parenting over a number of years is likely an important factor in connecting early attachment and the childs functioning later in development. It can be assumed that the young lady in the presented case, whom we shall call Ana, had formed an insecure attachment to her mother in her infant years. Based on the research and the presented information, Ana would more likely be socially competent, had she formed a secure attachment. This is not to rule out other factors which may have been present in her environment. However, it could be argued that her mother was not sensitive to Anas signals as an infant, and so, Ana may have developed this insecure attachment. Further to that insecure attachment, is the fact that she was left with her grandparents at the tender age of five years. Along with all of that trauma, Anas father is unknown to her and the subsequent parent-child contact with her mother was woefully insufficient. It may be that Anas mother was busy trying to manage the stresses that come with single parenthood, including how to create a financially stable environment, in the years following childbirth. The result: Ana is now withdrawn and experiences tearfulness and anxiety which may mark the beginning of a depressive disorder. Based on the information presented in this theory, the therapy session with Ana, , would lead me, the therapist, to ask questions about the relationship she had with her mother, prior to her leaving, and also that which she has with her grandparents. Are the grandparents supportive? I would also like to know how Ana views herself now. What kinds of activities is she involved in? And how does she handle these activities, and even social relationships? These questions would give insight into her feelings of self-worth and self-esteem? As therapist I would ask what changes have occurred in Anas recent life. It may be that a particular situation, such as a romantic relationship, (whether starting or ending) has brought on the feelings of anxiety and the reactions of tearfulness. Obviously, knowledge of Bowlbys theory of attachment would be helpful in managing this particular case. Another theory which may be useful in assessing Anas case is Eriksons psychosocial model. Eriksons theory is a cumulative stage theory. This means that successful completion of each stage is a prerequisite for completing the subsequent stages. Each stage is recognized as a psychological crisis which needs to be solved, with each of these crises having a positive and a negative outcome. A healthy resolution of each crisis, that is, where the outcome is positive, will lead to a mature, healthy, and emotional competent individual. For the purposes of responding to the case, I will focus only on the first and fifth stages. Trust vs. mistrust is the first psychological crisis to be resolved by the individual and focuses on age zero to 1 year old. This first stage centers around the infants basic needs being met by the parents as it depends on them, especially the mother for food, sustenance, and comfort. The infants relative understanding of society comes from the parents and their interaction with the child. If the child is exposed to warmth, regularity, and dependable affection, the infants view of the world will be one of trust. If this does not happen, and the caregivers fail to provide a secure environment, a sense of mistrust will result. Erikson believed the major developmental task in infancy to be learning whether or not other people, especially primary caregivers, regularly satisfy basic needs. If caregivers are consistent sources of food, comfort, and affection, an infant learns trust that others are dependable and reliable. If they are neglectful, or perhaps even abusive, the infant instead learns mistrust that the world is in an undependable, unpredictable, and possibly dangerous place. This early stage in development sets the pace for subsequent victories in development across the lifespan. If Ana had learned trust The fifth stage of Eriksons theory is identity vs. role confusion which spans the adolescence years about 10 to 20 years of age. It is at this stage, according to Erikson, that adolescents are faced with the task of deciding who they are and where they are going in life. These questions become especially important as the adolescence years are reached because adolescents face an overwhelming number of choices. As a therapist, I cannot overlook the fact that there might be situations in therapy that would remind me of some of my own issues, and my own history. As I look at Anas case, I am concerned about what she has faced as a child in being left by her mother, not knowing her father, and now suffering from feelings of anxiety and tearfulness. It would be lovely if every mother could be like mine. I remember my mother saying to me years ago, when a serious issue arose with a child we know, that she had had the opportunity when her children were quite young to go abroad and make a better life. However, as a young, (first child born at 16) unemployed mother, she understood the importance of mother being present and active in the lives of her children, and chose to stay. As I ponder Anas situation I would need to be mindful that not everyone will, or can make the choice that my mother did. Actually, there are many success stories involving a single parent living abroad, while their children live in Jamaica. I do know my strengths, though, and despite the fact that this case would arouse some memories for me, I would be able to maintain clarity of thought and principle. Good professional ethics would have to win out as I would be careful not to let my values overshadow the counselling relationship, so that Anas situation can be dealt with as quickly and efficiently as possible. In the second scenario, a 25 year old male has been referred because of three counts of sexual harassment in the workplace over a 6 month period. He has inappropriately touched three women, two on the breast and one on the bottom. He expresses no remorse and believes the women are overreacting. He is a university graduate and is still living at home with his parents.

U.s And Japan Car Industries :: essays research papers

U.S and Japan Car Industries It is unfortunate that the U.S. chose to use automobiles as its wedge to open the alleged "closed" markets of Japan. One Japan-based managing executive of the Big Three has even admitted that they consider the Japanese automobile market to be open. Japan is not the island of protectionism in a sea of free trade that its critic allege. The problem for the U.S. auto-makers is not a lack of market access, but a lack of effort. The first step required for the U.S. auto makers to sell competitively in Japan is not to impose of ridiculous tariffs, but to have Detroit bring up the quality to Japanese standards. All in all, the U.S.'s decision to use automobiles as its wedge to open the Japanese market was surely a dangerous one. In addition, the utilization of unilateral actions by the U.S. is clearly a violation of international trade law. Not only is this decision a resemblance of managed trade but a policy which will weaken the leadership position of the U.S. in the world economy as well. The U.S. needs to do what the Japanese did when they penetrated the American market; hard market research and heavy investment. The Japanese spent billions of dollars studying American taste and manufacturing models that suited them. The Big Three have generally confined their efforts to sending models that they have made specifically for Americans. Bill Duncan, the head of the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Assn. states that "it was the basic principals of competition that made the Japanese automobile industry strong." One example which reflects the short-sightedness of the Big Three is the insufficient number of right-hand models available in Japan. Since cars in Japan are driven on the left side, all domestic makers produce right-hand drives. It's simple, the inconvenience of a left-hand drive, at tolls, parking lots or when overtaking another car is too dangerous. Naturally when the Japanese export their cars to the U.S., in each of the 190 versions sold, they provide American drivers with a steering wheel where they expect it; on the left side1. On the other hand U.S. exports have a grand total of 2 models which feature a right- hand drive. The Big Three sold a measly 22,000 left-hand models in 1994. Jeep sold 11,000 on their Cherokees alone, just because they remodeled it to a right- hand model2. Another area in which Detroit must seek change is in car size. In Japan, the normal American cars are just too big. 80% of the cars in Japan are under 2000cc (2L.) Imagine yourself driving on the jammed packed, narrow streets of Tokyo.

Puritan :: essays research papers

US History Essay During the seventeenth century, the Puritans landed in New England to form the Massachusetts Bay colony. John Winthrop, the first Governor of the colony, saw the place as a political and religious refuge. He described it as â€Å"a city upon a hill.† In England, the Puritans were not free to practice their faith and were persecuted by the Anglican Church. The Puritans wanted to create an ideal society where they could practice religion at will. These people risked everything just so they could freely practice their faith. Their sole purpose in settling in America was to sustain and practice their religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Massachusetts Bay colony was very different from their counterpart, Jamestown. Jamestown colonists consisted of mainly single men who came to the New World to merely make money. These money-hungry profiteers were interested in milking the land for cash crops and other sources of revenue. The Puritans, on the other hand, formed communities where they could closely practice their faith together. They had a big focus on families and community worship. The Puritans also created a government, which was based on the idea of the rule of the majority. The Jamestown colony was not interested in making communities. The Puritans’ priorities were centered on their religion and the teaching of it. This is clearly shown in their focus of education. The purpose of education to them was to teach the children religious and moral values. This would prove to be a very good way to. Every community of 50 families had a teacher and every community of 100 families had a school. The Puritans emphasis on religious education supports the fact that they had moralistic plans for the New World. The Jamestown colonists, however, were not as concerned with education. Although the Puritans came to the New World for religious freedom, they did not accept people whose religious beliefs differed from those of the Puritans in the community. Anne Hutchinson, a religious reformer, held meetings at her house to read the Bible to puritan men and women.

The Duration Of Coaching Csa Trinity Education Essay

Knowledge is deemed an indispensable portion of training within any clean environment. Furthermore, within any clean environment all managers require some sort of training cognition whether novitiate or expert in which constructed throughout life or coaching experiences. Coaching cognition is critical whether planning, coach/athlete relationship, analysing, and observation etc†¦ In which is important towards participants larning. Therefore, the intent of this paper is to find whether any cognition has been extended and how farther cognition can be constructed to heighten personal coaching towards accomplishing long clip personal end of expertness coaching. This will be completed via 20 completed hours with the CSA Trinity ( CSA ) and training Sessionss which were delivered within the 12 hebdomads at Oxford Brookes University to detect if any patterned advance from a novitiate to expert knowledge base manager. Phases of development Throughout the continuance of training CSA three Football Club training observations were deployed towards myself via feedback from participants and parents to find what training degree public presentation stood. Mention to appendix 5, manager public presentation feedback sheets. As Bloom ( 1985 ) provinces, three stages of the faculty include induction, development and flawlessness in which designed to better immature jocks within a suited environment and hence enhances the development of expertness. However, a somewhat different position from Dreyfus and Dreyfus ( 1986 ) whereby expertise accomplishment involves five phases of completion novitiate, advanced novice, competent, proficient and expert within anyone ‘s field of expertness. Conversely, farther surveies demonstrate several transmutations of athletics context as Cote ( 1999 ) adopted four phases and designed a faculty to raising and develop participants, but besides could drop out at different phases in required duri ng the sampling, specialising, investing and diversion stages. Another theoretical account as Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) suggest managers ‘ demands of going an adept practician involve extended cognition base. However, in order to make drawn-out cognition base managers require commence through four phases of development, novitiate, competent, proficient and expert. Though each theoretical account demands are important in order for development to make a 1 ‘s end â€Å" expertness † significantly for different types of work industries and degrees of abilities. However, Hargreaves and bate ( 2009 ) province ; experience and cognition are good as developing and training the participants within the session to obtain improved accomplishments and cognition of the game, instead than running a session via accretion drills. Furthermore, Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) suggest, novice accent lay on participant ‘s behaviors than slightly developing the participant and hence, no future battle of cognition to better acquisition. However, Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) continues, within the competent stage, cognition is consumed to diminish the sum of errors that occur, but every bit concerned with regulations, such as no speaking policy when manager is speaking. Therefore, competent coaching within the first five or six hebdomads at University and ( CSA ) as somewhat confounding due to letters of information received within talks. Consequently, deficiency of experience and cognition prevailed as proficient cognition, contemplations ; planning, coach/athlete relationship and coaching manners etcaˆÂ ¦ were slightly a learning stage and hence running alternatively of training a session in which no acquisition or developments took topographic point when presenting Sessionss. Mention to appendix 4, brooding journal and one to six hebdomads of session evaluations/reflections for under 8 ‘s and 11 ‘s. For that ground, building cognition was the following phase in order to accomplish a degree of proficiency as Perlus ( 2008 ) feels that, training cognition comes from personal experiences, i.e. playing the athletics, expertise degree and context etcaˆÂ ¦ and hence playing ability is indispensable in which refines training cognition. However, these properties would hold a certain grade of effectivity, although non indispensable to go an adept manager. For illustration, Linford Christie ‘s ex-coach Ron Roddan highest accomplishment was running for his county Middlesex and Jose Mourinho current Real Madrid director both encountered short low profile, playing callings. As Carter ( 2006 ) provinces, Jose Mourinho playing calling was really brief, nevertheless, during his brief enchantment as a participant whilst analyzing football methodological analysis within Lisbon ‘s Sports University. Therefore, increased his cognition base in which Mourinho encountered all phases t o expertise which lead him to assorted assistant/manager occupations at high-profile nines. However, deriving experience from old playing calling is non indispensable to derive expertness cognition. Whether professional jock or playing recreational athleticss expertness cognition can be gained through sheer finding and motive and create solid foundation within training. Therefore, indispensable for different facets to derive cognition, i.e. experiences, books, diaries, analyzing public presentation, playing experience and detecting other coaches- penetration into tactics and technique and feedback are important constituents to make coveted end of expertness. Mention to appendix 1,2,3,4 and 5 of portfolio. However, deriving expert cognition requires hours and old ages of deliberate pattern harmonizing to Ericsson and Charness ( 1994 ) , Nelson et Al ( 2006 ) , Ericsson et Al ( 1993 ) , Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) , cote ( 2006 ) and Gilbert et Al ( 2006 ) which are from different Fieldss and slightly indecisive within the continuance and experience to necessitate expertness cognition base. Nevertheless, all theories fluctuate and suggest five, 10 and 13 old ages, 3,000 to10,000 hours to make full potency. However, Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) provinces, adept cognition are neither familial nor typical features, but fineness within training which instruction and experience in which can be expanded over hours or old ages of deliberate pattern dependant on the single motive of success. Though, depending on what type of coach/person, sheer finding, personality, visions, passion, motive and ends etcaˆÂ ¦ you possess cognition. Hence, experience could be administered quicker to stand out from novi tiate to expert to accomplish the end they require as Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) points justly out. Finally, if required plenty cognition and content with the degree of coaching/knowledge, managers may choose to halt if gained a degree of efficiency. Another method which coaches concept cognition is formal, non-formal and informal manager larning whereby ongoing and womb-to-tomb development to build farther cognition in different organisations. As Nelson et Al ( 2006 ) , Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) , Smilde ( 2009 ) and Edwards et Al ( 2006 ) study that, formal acquisition is institutionalized and organised instruction system with inactive or additive learning aims and chief focal point is the merchandise and non the procedure for illustration, course of study administrations i.e. BTEC, national government organic structure ( NGB ) classs and degrees-foundation grades etc.. â€Å" enfranchisement constructed † . For case Ehlers ( 1998 ) found that, disadvantages occur within formal larning ‘learners remember merely 20 % of the information presented during a formal lesson ‘ . Consequently, formal acquisition has no consideration for the individual/learner and low impact on cognition and hence, decreases the trouble of the demands of the manager. For illustration, managers, possibly hesitant when using cognition to pattern, when and how to train. Although, Nelson et Al ( 2006 ) , Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) , Smilde ( 2009 ) and Edwards et Al ( 2006 ) continues, non-formal acquisition takes topographic point outside formal acquisition within workshops, groups, administrations and best pattern etcaˆÂ ¦ acquisition does non happen, because, on the other manus good for basic apprehension. However, inordinately hard to mensurate if learning/knowledge has taking topographic point as no base on balls or fail occurs and hence, does non supply a model which is critical for building training cognition. Though, Informal larning consists of building cognition, developing accomplishments and behaviors which benefit training pattern via the usage of diaries, books, pictures and autonomy etcaˆÂ ¦ . Therefore, research and acquisition within the environment over ongoing life long procedure is good for expertness cognition. For illustration, detecting to dispute something, reflecting in ( within session ) and on ( after session ) pra ctical, proficient and critical jobs can make a deeper acquisition or development of training cognition. Mention to appendix 6, readings-development of adept training page 2 and 6. However, persons are slightly different and learn at different velocities, ways. Therefore, to make a sound cognition base, formal and non-formal acquisition would supply non merely enfranchisement, but a foundation for patterns, drills and the rudimentss apprehension of the coaching environment. However, informal, the most good, but using cognition from informal with the usage of the non-formal and informal would turn out slightly good for some persons within the coaching environment. Hence, persons learn otherwise i.e. in their ain in manner which they feel conformable, see different chances to detect the result themselves etcaˆÂ ¦ to accomplish a certain end. Areas of cognition The sentiment of Cassidy et Al ( 2004 ) and Robyn et Al ( 2008 ) is that, the work from researcher Shulman ( 1986 ) in respects to content cognition required three subdivisions, capable affair content cognition ( SMCK ) refers to the manager and cognition to present a session i.e. nucleus accomplishments accomplished by the participants whilst the regulations are coached etcaˆÂ ¦ pedagogical content cognition ( PCK ) is the ability to learn or pass on whilst engaged with the ( SMCK ) participants. Finally, course of study content cognition ( CCK ) ‘tools of the trade ‘ as mentioned by Robyn et Al ( 2008 ) , intending explicating and analyzing the capable affair towards pupil acquisition. However, Metzler ( 2000 ) suggests, Shulman ‘s work is a great get downing point in respects to content cognition. However, Metzler ( 2000 ) continues, farther dislocation of the current constituents into a farther three classs declarative, procedural and conditional cognition would be good as it would go confidant within the designated athletics. Therefore, Metzler ( 2000 ) and Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) portion the same position in that declaratory cognition ( DK ) in which managers explains and show verbally or within a written format, i.e. the cognition about and facts and things. Metzler ( 2000 ) and Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) continue, procedural cognition ( PK ) , intending â€Å" knowledge how too/ how to accomplish it † i.e. how to execute a undertaking or process and conditional cognition refers to when and why to make something and what happens if. Refer to appendix 6, readings-development of adept training pages 5-6. However, both Metzler ( 2000 ) and Shulman ( 1986 ) in respects to all classs are slightly good when using both methods together within the coaching environment whereby managers can better participants ‘ public presentations and hence, larning takes topographic point as the cognition to acquire something done had occurred â€Å" adept Coaches † . Mention to appendix 2 Sessionss plans 9 and 10 of both under 8 ‘ & As ; 11 ‘s. The latter phases of the 20 hours training and lectures going more confident as expanded cognition and experience was clearly apparent as some larning took topographic point. Therefore, proficient cognition, reflections/evaluating, planning, coach/athlete relationship and coaching manners etcaˆÂ ¦were developing together non merely certain facets of coaching. However, due to huge accrued cognition and experience proficient cognition base was more distinguished, but still needs betterment. Mention to appendix 4, brooding journal and seven to ten hebdomads of session evaluations/reflections for under 8 ‘s and 11 ‘s. Though, concentrating more on the participants ‘ performance/development, participant battle instead than running a session as before. However, expert knowledge more formidable and hence, more cognition and experience required to make lifetime end â€Å" adept cognition base manager † . As Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) Wiman et Al ( 2010 ) conclude to derive expertness cognition involves changeless planning for coveted results of Sessionss, deriving cognition all the clip via diaries, books, workshops, programmes which involve enfranchisement etc.aˆÂ ¦ Furthermore, larning and detecting from other adept managers, experience etc†¦ Refer to appendix 5, peer observations-strengths/weaknesses Decision Given this grounds, it can be seen that managers get cognition they need to be effectual and adept manager via different methods through a figure of formal, non-formal and informal acquisition environments. However, larning is diverse and dynamic procedure in which is really typical and hence, different to being taught something within instruction. Therefore, indispensable to derive cognition through all types of experiences from playing recreational to professional athleticss, reading diaries or books, written work, workshops programmes which involve enfranchisement etcaˆÂ ¦ Furthermore, deriving expert cognition requires hours and old ages of deliberate pattern all dependant on what type of attitude the coach/person requires as sheer finding, passion, and motive to make the coveted ends could stand out towards the journey of dream end â€Å" adept manager † .

Explain Advantages and Disadvantages of the Process of Amending the Constitution

â€Å"Explain advantages and disadvantages of the process of amending the constitution† {15 marks} There process of amending the US constitution is a long process with lots of checks and balances created by the founding fathers; this was to limit radical and frequent amendments. The first part of the process is proposing an amendment this can be done in two ways, firstly by having two-thirds of both houses of the  United States Congress  agree to the proposal, or by a  national convention  assembled at the request of the  legislatures  of at least two-thirds of the  states agreeing to the proposal.To have a proposed amendment become part of the US constitution the proposed amendment needs to ratified, by having either ? of the states (38 states) agree to ratify the proposal or by holding state ratifying conventions in ? of the states, however this method has only been used once.One advantage of the process of amending the constitution is that it protects the cons titution from frequent change to do with popular opinion, it means that to amend the constitution the amendment has to be sensible and needed at not something to be taken lightly, this can be shown by the fact that the constitution has only been amended 27 times which shows change is possible but not too easy that it changes the historic values that America was built upon, helps control one party controlling power.This is an advantage as it means that when a party comes into power (e. g. republicans) they cannot go and make lots of amendments that benefit them or are in their opinion, as the house of representatives usually as around 50/50 republican democrats proportion and you need 2/3 to have a proposal accepted. The system is democratic as 38/50 must agree which means its fair and reduces the chance of lots of unnecessary changes.One Disadvantage is that the process is time consuming which means that if an amendment is popular with the public e. g. banning guns due to increased gun crime then it may be rejected by republicans which means it a no, however this was the point when the constitution was created, and was purposely made difficult to amend. However some would argue that it’s so hard to amend that it cannot move with the modern times freely.Another disadvantage is that because of the difficulties of amending the constitution it has led to the supreme court assuming the role, this is when the supreme court rules on a case that something is unconstitutional which means that local governments can decide whether to enforce their decisions. In an extreme case if amendment proposals are constantly being rejected then a new constitution may branch off to create these new amendments in a separate constitution wiping out the existing one.In conclusion the process of amending the constitution is a long and tedious one but it makes sure that an amendment has to be supported by a large percentage and something that should be taken seriously, this means that there is not lots of amendments which could jeopardise the historic values of the American constitution, and also make the nation less stable as there is constant change which could confuse people. Lastly the process of amending the constitution is confusing and frustrating but without it America could be changed radically very quickly.

Psychology and Foot-in-the-door Tactic

1. Describe how differences between high vs. low self-monitoring could influence each of the five stages of information processing when a target is being presented with the foot-in-the-door tactic of interpersonal influence. That is, for each separate stage, analyze what might be different in the way high self monitors make sense of this sequential request technique in contrast to low self monitors. Each stage has differences between high and low self monitors; therefore focusing on each stage will allow the contrasts between the two.A high self monitor tends to read the social situation first and then present an appropriate face, as opposed to simply presenting a consistent image of self in every situation. A low self monitor behaves in accordance with an image of his â€Å"real† self. In the focusing stage, a high-self monitor is more than likely going to focus in detail and assess the situation more thoroughly than a low-self monitor.Thinking more thoroughly will help the f oot-in-the-door tactic because if it’s a well-thought out request a person is more than likely going to accept. The foot-in-the-door tactic is when a person agrees to a small request, which usually allows you to be better able to get them to agree to a later, larger request. In the storage stage, a high-self monitor is going to get in depth on the reasoning for why the situation is relevant and make more sense of the situation than a low-self monitor.By going in depth on the reasoning for why the situation is relevant and know why it makes sense, will help when using the foot-in-the-door tactic because you know exactly what you’re talking about which makes it easier for someone to believe you. During the integration and interference stage a high-self monitor is going to be able to assess the situation and assemble it in his/her mind whereas a low-self monitor might not be able to do that because they don’t like change at all.Drawing inferences and thinking of th ings that usually aren’t thought of might be hard for a low-self monitor because they tend to be single minded and stubborn on their opinions and thoughts. Using the foot-in-the-door tactic is going to be easier for a high-self monitor to use since a low-self monitor doesn’t have the will to change or think differently about certain things, which is going to make it harder to get someone else to agree with you if you’re stubborn and single minded.For the selection stage, it is going to be easier for a low-self monitor to label things because a high-self monitor is going to be worried about what other people are going to think about his/her labeling. A low-self monitor can’t put on different â€Å"faces†, or social identities, for different situations; they’re opinion is always their opinion and no one is going to change that, which might be hard when using the foot-in-the-door tactic.If someone doesn’t agree with you then they arenâ⠂¬â„¢t going to accept your request. Finally for the implementation stage, a high-self monitor is going be able to act upon it and relate the situation to other things easier than a low-self monitor because a high-self monitor is highly sensitive to external cues and can act differently in different situations, which will help when trying to figure out how something relates to other things.By using the foot-in-the-door tactic, a high-self monitor is going to be better at getting someone to accept their response because there are more flexible in adapting their leadership styles to changing situations; which is going to be useful when figuring out how to response or how to use things during this stage. 2. What role is played by self-schema in managing each of the interpersonal objectives when someone is dealing with the various stages of romantic relational dissolution (e. g. , trial rejuvenation)?That is, when a romance is â€Å"falling apart,† describe the relationship betwe en partners’ self concepts and their balancing of the separate â€Å"issues† they must simultaneously address when influencing and interacting with one another. Imagine you and your partner have created a separate identity; bigger then either one of you and full of each of you. Together you have created a â€Å"relational† schema. A living, breathing entity owned by both parties until the dissolution of your romantic relationship begins, occurs, and concludes. What happens when ours turns into mine?When we’re becomes I’m? Maybe a girl looks around at lunch and sees a cute guy and starts to imagine how things might be if they were in a romantic relationship. The possibility of the unknown versus what she already knows. Her boyfriend has no idea that water has just been added to his romantic relational gas tank. Breakups are never easy. Usually less then ten percent of college romantic relationships break up on mutual terms. So, typically, it is one person, usually the female, taking the lead, creating â€Å"the influenced† and the â€Å"influencer†.When the influencer, in this case lets say her name is Debra, changes her objective, the influenced, lets call him Bronson, has no choice but to be influenced. No one can change another person’s goals or objectives without influence and since we know Bronson is the influenced his are being altered by the dissolution of their romantic relationship. When two partners begin to remind each other that they are separate individuals and they have other concerns besides their relationship (differentiating); that is the beginning of the end.While an individual remembers that they have other goals that require other objectives, his or her self-schema is also changing. Differentiating will not only begin the dissolution process but will begin the initial steps of re-adaptation, for each individual, of self-schema. Throughout the dissolution of the relationship self-schema for each individual will be a product of the perception of the relationship, a sense of social sensitivity, and the objectives set to achieve each individuals overall goals. Self-schema, once realized and owned, will lead to new objectives.It will also be evolving constantly while the relationship continues to move toward a more self-schema based relationship as opposed to a relational schema, as defined in the book. Relational objectives change as the relationship deteriorates and ones self-schema will lead the way through the relational objective challenges because once an individual has a self-schema his objectives change. Each individual will perceive the relationship in his or her own way and without self-disclosure, circumscribing begins (usually in one partner).Social sensitivity in the dissolution of a romantic relationship is widely publicized in mass media, so much so that it’s almost a script now. Once communication has been restricted in circumscribing, stagnation sets in quickly. During stagnation there is less physical time spent together there might be room and cause to try for a hail marry. This might be a good place for the last chance effort to save the relationship by taking part in a trial rejuvenation. Maybe a weekend alone to get back to what’s important or just some along time to even out their relational keel is needed.But if the trials rejuvenation comes up short and leaves both parties with a sour taste in their mouths then each persons self-schema becomes more defined and more important to each individual then the relational schema. Following the self-schemas strength relational objectives change and the identity objectives start to become clearer. These changes in self-schema and objectives lead to avoidance. Avoidance is probably the most difficult step in the dissolution of the relationship. Initial discussions about breaking up are dealt with simultaneously as being interested in others.Individuals go out of their w ay to limit the amount of face-to-face interactions. The pain is too much for people to stand. Self-schema is â€Å"holding strong† but this is the most vulnerable point in ones self-schema. Both relational and instrumental objectives follow suit with self-schema but the identity objectives help to encourage the individual toward the final resolution. The final dissolution of the romantic relationship, that is not a physical or psychological departure, is termination.It usually consists of talk that prepares each individual for the end, otherwise known as the â€Å"grave-dressing phase†. Self-schema has developed into a â€Å"single† idea of self and the objectives an individual once held in such high regard while in a relationship are no longer in place. Relational objectives are more centered on family and friends and the time spent with each. Although there is no way to tell how long it will take to develop a pure self-schema that will not include a former pa rtner we do know when the process began†¦ the process began when â€Å"ours became mine†. . To what extent does a student’s level of psychological reactance to a professor’s attempt to change their behavior depend on (a) the student’s perceptions of the professor’s level of interpersonal power and (b) whether the student has a relatively high- or relatively low-level of cognitive complexity in the interpersonal domain? That is, how much does this type of mental reaction depend on both the social power of the agent as well as the social experience of the target?The psychological reactance to a professor’s attempt to change a student’s behavior depends greatly on the cognitive complexity of the student and interpersonal power of the professor. However, there will always be some degree of psychological reactance during the first class sessions. When the students and professors meet to create the learning environment they share certa in expectations like the fact that teacher is the agent and the students are the targets. The standards of the environment vary greatly from student to student and the instructor.However, students can expect to have instructor expectations laid out in the syllabus, home/class work, and tests. A professor can expect to have teaching skills, grading capabilities, and office time to provide to his students. The level of success the professor has depends on how much power he is perceived to have by the student. There are various powers that the professor could use to try to influence the student. The professor holds reward power in the form of grades. Coercive power can be used by the professor who gives pop quizzes, inspiring fear among his students.A professor has expert power in the form of knowledge, that’s why they are teaching and not the students. Referent power can be used through physical attractiveness. Finally, a professor can use legitimate power because he is a repre sentative of the establishment. We believe the most successful powers a professor can use to influence a behavior change in a student are legitimate, expert and reward power. Reward power in the form of grades is something tangible the student has to have in order to graduate. If the student has to change their behavior to achieve the grade, it will happen.Expert power in the form of knowledge shared is what we pay to have access to as students. Why would a student pay thousands of dollars to go to college if they aren’t going to listen and learn from the professors? Legitimate power plays along the same lines as expert power. The university has given this professor power over the student, trusting the professor to teach the student enough to have an understanding of the subject. The relationship can be altered at any time throughout the course by either party in how they interpersonally communicate with each other.For example, if a student has only one class and lots of time to complete work or discuss things with the professor, they may perceive the professors course as beneficial and would have little psychological reactance towards the instructor. On the flip side, if a student has multiple classes and little time to discuss things with the professor, they may perceive the class as pointless and may have more intense psychological reactance towards the instructor. However, the ideal outcomes of this shared learning experience re often diminished by the fact that either party’s expected standards are not always met in real life due to other circumstances. Therefore, a student’s level of psychological reaction has as much to do with their cognitive complexity as it does with the professor’s interpersonal power. For things to be ideal there must be a balance or mutual understanding between student and professor. Now a student with a relatively high level of cognitive complexity will be able to examine the situation and think of dif ferent possibilities.While a student probably won’t think of the situation in theory form, they would think of it from the past experiences viewpoint. A high cognitive complexity student can use what they have learned in the past from similar experiences to decide how to react to the professor trying to change their behavior. Now this says nothing about the social power of the professor. A professor would have more experience than the student, but not necessarily in the form of attempting to change the behavior.This is where things such as the reputation of the professor comes in, as well as impressions the student has formed of the professor. A low cognitive complexity student though, won’t think about the situation as much. They would probably remember a time or two from the past, but that’s about it. The student will most likely ‘go with the flow’ and either fall in with the professor’s wishes or be stubborn. If the professor has a strong sense of social power though, the student will probably fall in with his plan to change the behavior.The easier path is what will be more likely chosen by someone of low cognitive complexity because it is easier for such a person to follow the crowd then to decide what to do based on past experiences. This also means there will be less psychological reactance to the professor and what the professor is trying to encourage in the student’s behavior. Some students just expect to be let down or accept the fact they can’t change anything. The system and/or the teaching methods used are insufficient to meet the learning goals of the student.They know there are rules and they know they are the student, but being in that subordinate position is counter-productive to their lifestyles/goals (even though it’s socially expected to â€Å"move on with life†) and they may have increased psychological reactance towards the professor regardless of any circumstances. In su ch instances, reverse psychology can sometimes be a tool of influence. However, reverse psychology will work better for a low cognitive student compared to a high cognitive student.

I wonder if Princeton should be poorer Essay

â€Å"l wonder if Princeton should be poorer. † BY akp1993 If you’re a high school senior trying to seduce the admissions officer reading your application essay, this may not strike you as the ideal opening line. But Shanti Kumar, a senior at the Bronx High School of Science, went ahead anyway when the university prompted her to react in writing to the idea of â€Å"Princeton in the nation’s service and in the service of all nations. † Back in January, when I asked high school seniors to send in college application essays about money, class, working and the economy, I wasn’t sure what, if anything, ould come in over the transom. But 66 students submitted essays, and with the help of Harry Bauld, the author of â€Å"On Writing the College Application Essay,† we’ve selected four to publish in full online and in part in this column. That allowed us to be slightly more selective than Princeton itself was last year. What these four writers have in common is an appetite for risk. Not only did they talk openly about issues that are emotionally complex and often outright taboo, but they took brave and counterintuitive positions on class, national identity and the application process itself. For anyone looking to inspire their own children or grandchildren who are seeking to go to college in the fall of 2014, these four essays would be a good place to start. Perhaps the most daring essay of all came from Julian Cranberg, a 17-year-old from Brookline, Mass. One of the first rules of the college admissions process is that you don’t write about the college admissions process. But Mr. Cranberg thumbed his nose at that convention, taking on the tremendous cost of the piles of mail schools send to potential students, and the waste that results from the effort. He figured that he received at least $200 worth of pitches in the past year or so. â€Å"Why, in an era of record-high student loan debt and unemployment, are colleges not reallocating these ludicrous funds to aid their own students instead of extending their arms far and wide to students they have never met? † he asked in the essay. Antioch College seemed to think that was a perfectly reasonable question and accepted him, though he will attend Oberlin College instead, to which he did not submit the essay. â€Å"It’s a bold move to critique the very institution he was applying to,† said Mr. Bauld, who also teaches English at Horace Mann School in New York City. â€Å"But here’s somebody who knows he can make it work with intelligence and humor. † college that sent him a DHL â€Å"priority’ envelope, noting inside that he was a priority to the college. â€Å"The humor here is not in the Jokes,† Mr. Bauld added. â€Å"It originates in a critical habit of mind, and the kind of mind that is in this essay is going to play out extremely well in any class that he’s in. † Admissions professionals often warn people not to think that they can write their way into the freshman class. The essay is one document that, even in the best of circumstances, is written by an individual telling one story,† said Shawn Abbott, the assistant vice president for undergraduate admissions at New York University. â€Å"l don’t believe that any one writing sample should trump what they did over four years. † Still, he acknowledged that his staff had been taken with the story told by Lyle L’, a 19-year-old Brooklyn resident who applied this year. He wrote about his familys restaurant and his mother, an immigrant from China who once wanted to be a doctor and now works behind a cash register. When I visit my friends, I see the names of elite institutions adorning the living room walls,† wrote Mr. Li, a senior at Regis High School in Manhattan. â€Å"l am conscious that these framed diplomas are testaments to the hard work and accomplishments of my friends’ parents and siblings. Nevertheless, the sight of them was an irritating reminder of the disparity between our households. I was not the upper-middle-class kid on Park Avenue. Truth be told, I am Just some kid from Brooklyn. Instead of diplomas and accolades, my parents’ room emits a smell from the restaurant uniforms they wear seven days a week, all year round. â€Å"

Manage people perfomance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Manage people perfomance - Essay Example Assisting employees to identify their area of competency and providing them the opportunity to implement it. Conducting evaluation after certain time intervals. Identifying the poor performances and offering support to improvise on those areas. Policy Implementation: The policy is applicable to all the staff members of the company (including both permanent and temporary) who has been associated with the company for a period of at least 6 months. Manager Responsibilities: The responsibility of a manager are as follows: - To oversee, measure and administer the perfoamcne of the employees. To conduct regular feedback meeting To make the employees aware of their downsides and recommended them options of overcoming the same. Employee’s Responsibility: The staff members are responsible for undertaking the following tasks: - Employees have the responsibility to achieve satisfactory levels of performance Employees also have the responsibility to attend all the meetings. Participating in the employee development programs to improve skills. To communicate any problems related to perfoamcne activities to the supervisors. Performance Management Framework: R nt Equity: The policy is applicable for everybody and it will not give any special preference to the organization hierarchy. Performance Management KPIs: It is important to manage the performance of the employees after the perfoamcne management framework has been defined. In this context, ‘Productivity’ can be used as a key performance indicator. Hence, ‘increasing the overall productivity’ is the aim of this policy. Funding: Several funding opportunities are available when it comes to training and development of the employees. For example, government as well as NGOs often offers financial incentives for this purposes. However, for this purpose it is expected that the company will be able to finance the process itself. . Procedure Procedure # -SNA 1212 Task Description: - Performance man agement Department: Human Resource Date: 31 October 2013 Action Description Standard WHO Performance Review Procedure Coaching Procedure Disciplinary Procedure Grievance Procedure To Review the perfoamcne of the employees To highlight the coaching procedure to be used. To State about the steps to be taken for managing discipline within the organization To manage grievances of the employees Overall Output and Productivity of the employees Mentoring, Training and Development Establishment of Rules and regulations and robust governance framework Employment of a liaison to look after the grievances of employees HR department Training and Development HR Department & Immediate Mangers Senior Management PART 2 – Managing Employee Performance Let us take the name of the fictitious company as AB Corporation and names of the three people whose performances to be managed are Mr. X, Ms. Y and Mr.

Influences of economics and marketing on relationships in the global Essay - 1

Influences of economics and marketing on relationships in the global food supply chain - Essay Example The economic policies of the government have opened the economy to foreign direct investment with favorable regulatory structures being laid down for the investors. The government also aimed at integrating the agricultural sector in the global food supply chain with an initiative to support domestic markets. At the same time it encourages the productivity in a buyer driven market. The economic policies developed by the governments provide opportunities for the business houses and supermarkets to increase the supply of food by taking the benefits of the incentives offered by the favorable economic policies. Appropriate marketing strategies were also adopted in order to fight the obstacles of the pressure groups and the roadblocks due to negative publicity. The transition of global food supply chain has occurred as an effect of the increased demand and the economic policies of the government and the marketing strategies of the business houses in order to tap the emerging demand (Lindgr een,  Hingley and  Vanhamme, 2009, p.38). These factors have led to the change of food habits and change in lifestyle of the consumers. Thus the relationships of the global food supply chain have been influenced by the economic role and marketing role of the government and the business houses respectively. Critical review of key literature The relationship of the food supply chain has become an important area of discussion. The underlying forces of economics and marketing have been playing a key role in influencing the relationships between the government, business houses and the consumers or the people. The agricultural sector is the core of food production in any country. The farmers harvest their land to cultivate the crops that are sold in the market. This cultivation of the crops and the marketing distribution channels supply the food required by the consumers. The process of demand and supply of food is now spread all over the world with the rapid functioning of retail sup ermarket chains that cater to customers all over the globe (Clapp, 2013, p.59). In the age of liberalization, the food supply chain has become a global phenomenon and it is not confined to the domestic market. The change in economic policies and economic reforms adopted by the economies towards an open market economy has allowed foreign direct investments in the global food supply chain industry. Thus the agricultural sector and the domestic markets have been exposed to foreign competition which has raised the benchmark of food quality. The consumers or the people have transformed the standards and quality of food demand at par with the standard of exports. Several factors like the rise in population, change in diet and food habits, increase in market competition, rise of prices in the local markets and improvement in food quality have raised the aggregate demand of global food supply chain. The human population is estimated to grow by 35% from 6.85 billion in 2010 to 9.15 billion i n 2050. The spiraling rate of increase in human population and the increase in average income level of the middle class and lower middle class society have led to the increase in global demand of food. In order to contain inflation as a result of the increased global demand of

Medical Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Medical Sociology - Essay Example Moreover, if they are practicing medicine while being drunk or under the influence of alcohol, the said practice will more likely endanger not only themselves but the patients and the people that they attend to. In this case, one might ask and wonder, "if the Doctors know the negative implications of alcoholism to one's health, why is it that some of them tend to become addicted to it" This kind of problem raised concerns and alarmed the bell with regards to the people who are being affected by these kinds of irregularities. There are cases and instances that their family (of Doctors who are under the influence of alcoholism), the patients and the people who are in need of their personal and medical attention are being affected by this kind of irregularity. In this case, such practitioners are being classified as a "group" with regards to their profession. In this regard, they are being classified as a group because they represent a certain portion of medical doctors and practitioners which are considered as the "Alcohol-dependent" ones. In this case, this kind of group creates a distinction to one's profession. Of course, one can never conclude that the entire practitioners do the same thing that is why they are considered as group. In dealing with this, obtaining a percentage from a group as a point of study is needed to further understand why such things happen and why such a phenomenon occurs. Of course, it is an established fact, that like anyone, medical practitioners are still human and still is susceptible to addiction. If there are individuals or medical practitioners who are being classified under the addiction of alcoholism, then they form a sociological distinction among their macro group as a whole. If they form a sociological distinction, then they have similarities with each other and in this case, the occurrence why su ch an addiction has started on their physiological and psychological system and why such addiction is still present do share common determinants. In dealing with this, it is very important to know the factors on why these kind of dependence occur. In order to be guided with this topic, mapping different situations, factors and other related elements are important in order to know and determine the factors and norms why a certain group has a smaller group which practices things that are in contrary to what they are advancing. In knowing and determining such things, dealing with different factors as a consideration is an important thing to do, in order to track down and determine the issues revolving alcoholism in medical practice. Among the controversial factors that are being considered by different experts is the theory of having this kind of problem in medical practice, according to some experts has something to do with genetics. In this case, if genetics has been the issue, then the main concern here is the genealogy of the individual is the reason why he experience such a thing and not because of the profession a certain individual is practicing. Goldman (1999) further added that "The genetic evidence base for alcohol policy includes the genetic epidemiology of this clinically-defined disorder as well as an emerging understanding of the role of specific genes and gene/environment interactions. Although alcoholism and alcohol use are

Decisions in Paradise, Part II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Decisions in Paradise, Part II - Essay Example The company has gained the trust and confidence of the company’s current and future customers that they are paying their money’s worth of coffee and other Starbucks products. In terms of service, the company has proven itself to implement world class restaurant service in more than 30 countries around the world. Implementing the going green policy complies with global environmental laws, including the Island’s anti-pollution laws (Ferrell, 2010). Weaknesses. Within the Kava Island market segment, the Starbucks entity’s coffee and other restaurant products are normally higher than the prices of Starbucks’ competitors’ selling prices. The company is only focusing a majority of its marketing management activities on coffee sales. The company relies on coffee sales to bring the company out of a possible bankruptcy situation. The current economic depression enveloping the United States and United Kingdom triggered a drop in the demand for Starbuck s coffee. With many employees retrenched by the bankrupt United States and United Kingdom companies, the increased unemployment rate precipitated to many of Starbucks’ current and future customers losing their jobs. With the lost of their jobs, the current and future customers’ purchasing power declined. ... The company can also save on salaries in countries where the legally allowed salaries are lower than the salaries of Starbucks employees in the United States and United Kingdom. Another opportunity is to hire 16 years old and above employees as part time workers for short periods of time. Hiring the teenagers will help the parents pay for their students’ school and personal needs (Ferrell, 2010). Threats. There are several competitors cropping up in the same coffee restaurant market segment, including Kava Island. The Island’s coffee competitors include the lower priced coffee-serving restaurants in the newly established Kava Island branch. The cultural diversity of the new countries hinders the implementation of the United States-based culture imbued in the company’s unique global marketing strategies (Ferrell, 2010). Analysis of specific steps of the chosen decision-making technique Starbucks implements specific steps in the implementation of the companyâ€℠¢s decision-making techniques. The steps include advertising the many benefits of sipping the reasonably priced cup of the uniquely Starbucks coffee aroma (strengths). For example, the Starbucks coffee ambience creates togetherness among the company’s group clients. Likewise, the advertisements effectively show the busy business line and staff employees can easily ponder the day’s decision making plans while taking their Starbucks lunch (Nutt, 2010). Additionally, buying the local coffee products of Kava Island farmers, instead of importing the coffee plant raw materials from the US reduce raw materials transportation expenses. Consequently, the company can lower the selling prices and still generate more than enough profits (Nutt, 2010). Furthermore, the company hires the local residents to work