Discuss Eliot’s treatment of the theme of the modern city in Essay exam

Discuss Eliot’s treatment of the theme of the modern city in Preludes. Also refer to The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock if you wish. In both ‘Preludes’ and ‘The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock’, the modern city is one of the main themes. Eliot’s fascination with the modern city could stem from the fact that he was an American, and so when he moved to England in 1915, the modern city was a part of England of which he was in awe. Eliot was also influenced by the French poet, Charles Baudelaire who explored the poetic possibilities of â€Å"the more sordid aspects of the modern metropolis.† I believe that this is what Eliot is doing in Preludes; I believe he is exploring the poetic possibilities of the city. In ‘Preludes’, Eliot begins the poem with â€Å"The winter evening settles down / With smell of steaks in passageways / Six o’clock.† Here, Eliot has personified the weather and made wide use of sibilance. By using sibilance, he makes the â€Å"passageways† seem eerie and mysterious. Eliot then continues with â€Å"The burnt-out ends of smoky days / And now a gusty shower wraps.† These two lines suggest endings, as life is firstly compared to a cigarette, where it burns away to nothing and then the line â€Å"And now a gusty shower wraps† makes use of pathetic fallacy, as the turbulent day in the city is over, just like the â€Å"gusty shower† has finished. The last two lines of the stanza create the impression of a city atmosphere which is dingy and dark; â€Å"And at the corner of the street / A lonely cab horse steams and stamps.† The cab horse could mirror people in the city, as many of them are lonely, and â€Å"at the corner of the street† suggests isolation and dinginess mixed with a familiar city image. In the second stanza, El... ... mirroring the harsh world which the city is. â€Å"The worlds revolve†¦Ã¢â‚¬  suggests that in cities people are living in their own different worlds, behind â€Å"masquerades†, which is a theme also present in ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’ with the line â€Å"To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet.† In ‘Preludes’ and ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’, Eliot illuminates the modern city in a very harsh light. Eliot seems to focus on the negative points of the city such as its darkness, loneliness and how threatening it can be. This could be due to the fact that Eliot was writing about these city themes after Darwinism, and just before World War One, when the city and civilisation were seen as the things which would eventually destroy man. Eliot discusses the theme of the modern city truthfully and writes about it in the stark way in which he views it.

Radio and Television in Mass Media Essay

A form of media that revolutionized the way humans communicate was the radio. David Sarnoff is the best candidate for the man who put radio on the map. Although it may have not been his choosing, the sinking of the Titanic in 1916 put his name in the record books. For three days straight, the young Sarnoff decoded messages from the sinking ship from his office in New York (Wells 36). The Titanic broadcast was groundbreaking, because it showed and economically profitable way by which radio could be used as a medium of mass communication for ordinary families (Wells 36). By 1930 transmitters were popping up in cities around the nation. A record 30 million households had a set, and the one set per household was becoming a reality (Wells 42). The power of radio was not really noticed until a monumental broadcast in 1939. H.G. Wells’ â€Å"War of the Worlds† broadcast brought a whole nation to its knees and caused widespread panic among millions of viewers. Hours after the broadcast, people from coast to coast were thrown into panic, believing monsters from Mars, invulnerable space ships were destroying the earth. They took to cars, ran out to warn neighbors, traffic was jammed, church services were ended. Four times during the show the listeners were reminded that they were hearing a dramatization, but many citizens couldn’t see past. After the incident, Wells told reporters that radio is a popular democratic machine for disseminating information and entertainment (Naremore 38). The power of radio was soon known, and this incident brought light to it. Today there more than 575 million radios in America alone (Encyclopedia Britannica). The latest study from the National Broadcasting Company found that 90.5 percent of the adult population listens to some type of radio during the week. Today, Clear Channel Communications owns over 1,200 radio stations across the United States, and Cumulus, the second largest owns 266 stations. (Grant, Meadows 141). With the FCC eliminating caps on ownership, one day everyone may be listening to the same news, spun whichever way Clear Channel feels like spinning it; to the left wing, or the right. Traditional radio is facing its toughest battle these days though. Satellite radio is sweeping through the market like a wildfire; with CD-quality sound, and hundreds of channels to choose from, who wouldn’t spend the ten dollars a month to have  XM or Sirius? Although both companies reported losses in mid-2004, each service looks to become profitable by the end of 2005 (Grant 142). Radio will be hard-pressed to keep up with satellite. XM’s digital music library is among the world’s largest – 1.5 million titles and counting. Out of the 121 channels available on XM, 68 are 100% commercial free 24 hours a day, year round, with over 1500 hours of live programming every week. Although XM and Sirius only represent radio’s 4.5 million subscriptions only represents a fraction of radio’s 290 million weekly listeners, the number of satellite subscriptions is expected to double in 2005 (Bachman 4). On Christmas Day 2004, over 50,000 subscribers signed up for satellite radio service. If both companies hit their projections, there will be 7.7 million satellite radio subscribers by January 2006 (Bachman 4). Satellite radio isn’t the only next generation radio system on the market. In 2004, 10,000 HD radios were sold, with prices ranging from $500-$1,000. B the end of 2005, Strubble predicts there will be a t least 600 HD radio stations, covering 80% of the U.S. and about 100,000 HD radios sold. HD radio representative John Smulyan believes, â€Å"WE think this is one of those opportunities for game-changing radio business† (Bachman 5). Television began with three companies that still dominate the airwaves, ABC, NBC, and CBS. In a world of subscription, these companies till offer free TV, but the ratings are going more towards cable. The clean cut programming that was once aired is being replaced with a plethora of violence and political propaganda that may ruin television. Television ranks just behind radio in penetration in the U.S. With over 106 million home, or 98% of the U.S. population having televisions, there is a plethora of sets ready to catch signals for people to view. Network TV has emerged over the last two decades as the dominant vehicle for interpreting national politics. TV has become the major source of news for the population, and the only news source for others. The problem is that politicians and journalists feed off each other like leeches. The politician needs the journalist for their messages to reach the intended audience, and journalists need the politicians to have something to write about. The coverage politicians seek gives them an outlet from which to speak. Those  who look good in the media can make a good image for themselves. The real problem comes when the news turns out to be propaganda, causing action from an opposing side that leads to deception. More than propaganda, violence seems to be the hot topic debated daily by politician and parent alike. Can what you child sees on television affect how he lives his/her life? E.B. White once said that â€Å"television is going to be the test of the modern world† (Simons 151). There is no doubt that television has become the central activity in homes today. Its ability to entertain, teach and persuade has huge impact on viewers. In the United States 98% of households have at least one set (Simons 149). What is astonishing is that children are watching an average of 7.5 hours a day (Simmons 149). One of the main concerns with television programming is the violence viewed by children that cannot understand the differences between fantasy and reality. Davidson, in a issue of Rolling Stones, agreed that â€Å"children are vulnerable to television between the ages of 2 to 8 years because of their maturational inability to separate what they view from reality† (qtd. in Simmons 152). Violence was such an issue that is came under consideration in the 50s and 60’s in Congress. The findings supported the idea that a casual relationship existed between television violence and aggressive behavior. The National Coalition on Television Violence has classified the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers as the most violent program ever studied, with almost 200 violent acts per hour (Simmons 150). In an experimental study involving 5 to 11 year olds, children who watch Power Rangers committed seven times more aggressive acts than those who did not. Shows such as these caused a large number of accidents and quarrels due to the children imitating the characters actions. There is no doubt that the television programming has engulfed the U.S. population. As of 2003, 71.3% of U.S. households received cable programming (Grant, Meadows 29). This fact is amazing, because cable had only been around for fifty years. Not only programming is changing, but how we receive it as well. In May 2002, the FCC set a deadline by which all U.S. commercial television broadcasters were required to be broadcasting digital television signals. This date was a little early though, but by September 2003, 38 of 40 stations in the 10 largest markets in the United  States began broadcasting digital television signals (Grant, Meadows 28). By early 2004, 1.5 million household were watching HDTV, and that number is going to rise sharply. This means clearer sound and displays, recordable content, and crisp, clear reception of the same channels that have always been around. What if new 16Ãâ€"9 television sets make news broadcasts look weird or maybe cartoons might not look good on a widescreen set? There is no telling where the television market will go, hopefully bigger and better; but will content become more subtle, or so radical that new laws must be made to subdue? â€Å"Radios.†Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 1999. Encyclopedia Britannica. 13 February 2005 Grant, August and Jennifer Meadows. Communication Technology Update. Oxford: Focal Press, 2004. Naremore, James. The Man who caused the Mars Panic†. Humanities, Vol 24 (2003) 38-40 Simmons, Betty Jo, Stalsworth, Kelly, Wentzel, Heather. â€Å"Television Violence and Its Effects on Young Children.† Early Childhood Education journal Vol 26 (1999): 149-153 Wells, Alan. Mass Media and Society. Palo Alto, National Press Books. 1972

Psychoanalysis and Transference

It is common for people to transfer feelings from their parents to their partners or children (i. e. , cross-generational entanglements). For instance, one could mistrust somebody who resembles an ex-spouse in manners, voice, or external appearance, or be overly compliant to someone who resembles a childhood friend. In The Psychology of the Transference, Carl Jung states that within the transference dyad both participants typically experience a variety of opposites, that in love and in psychological growth, the key to success is the ability to endure the tension of the opposites without abandoning the process, and that this tension allows one to grow and to transform. Only in a personally or socially harmful context can transference be described as a pathological issue. A modern, social-cognitive perspective on transference, explains how it can occur in everyday life. When people meet a new person that reminds them of someone else, they unconsciously infer that the new person has traits similar to the person previously known. This perspective has generated a wealth of research that illuminated how people tend to repeat relationship patterns from the past in the present. High-profile serial killers often transfer unresolved rage toward previous love or hate-objects onto â€Å"surrogates,† or individuals resembling or otherwise calling to mind the original object of that hate. In the instance of Ted Bundy, he repeatedly killed brunette women who reminded him of a previous girlfriend with whom he had become infatuated, but who had ended the relationship, leaving Ted rejected and pathologically rageful. This notwithstanding, Bundy's behaviours could be considered pathological insofar as he may have had Narcissistic or Antisocial personality disorder. If so, normal transference mechanisms can not be held causative of his homicidal behavior. Sigmund Freud held that transference plays a large role in male homosexuality. In The Ego and the Id, he claimed that eroticism between males can be an outcome of a â€Å"[psychically] non-economic† hostility, which is unconsciously subverted into love and sexual attraction. There is, however, no empirical evidence for Freud's viewpoint, and this hypothesis of the development of homosexuality, and the belief that it can be treated or cured by psychoanalysis, has been discredited. Transference and countertransference during psychotherapy In a therapy context, transference refers to redirection of a patient's feelings for a significant person to the therapist. Transference is often manifested as an erotic attraction towards a therapist, but can be seen in many other forms such as rage, hatred, mistrust, parentification, extreme dependence, or even placing the therapist in a god-like or guru status. When Freud initially encountered transference in his therapy with patients, he thought he was encountering patient resistance, as he recognized the phenomenon when a patient refused to participate in a session of free association. But what he learned was that the analysis of the transference was actually the work that needed to be done: â€Å"the transference, which, whether affectionate or hostile, seemed in every case to constitute the greatest threat to the treatment, becomes its best tool†. The focus in psychodynamic psychotherapy is, in large part, the therapist and patient recognizing the transference relationship and exploring the relationship's meaning. Since the transference between patient and therapist happens on an unconscious level, psychodynamic therapists who are largely concerned with a patient's unconscious material use the transference to reveal unresolved conflicts patients have with childhood figures. Countertransference[11] is defined as redirection of a therapist's feelings toward a patient, or more generally, as a therapist's emotional entanglement with a patient. A therapist's attunement to their own countertransference is nearly as critical as understanding the transference. Not only does this help therapists regulate their emotions in the therapeutic relationship, but it also gives therapists valuable insight into what patients are attempting to elicit in them. For example, a therapist who is sexually attracted to a patient must understand the countertransference aspect (if any) of the attraction, and look at how the patient might be eliciting this attraction. Once any countertransference aspect has been identified, the therapist can ask the patient what his or her feelings are toward the therapist, and can explore how those feelings relate to unconscious motivations, desires, or fears. Another contrasting perspective on transference and countertransference is offered in Classical Adlerian psychotherapy. Rather than using the patient's transference strategically in therapy, the positive or negative transference is diplomatically pointed out and explained as an obstacle to cooperation and improvement. For the therapist, any signs of countertransference would suggest that his or her own personal training analysis needs to be continued to overcome these tendencies.

Benefits and limitations of strategic management

Benefits and limitations of strategic management The overall objective of any strategy is to ensure long-term survival. Strategic management is the process determined by specific persons to establish and implement the integrated concept that has already been described.† (Philip, Roland, & Nils, 2008, p.14). Strategic management emphasizes the strategic positioning and operating system efficiency, and it is generally regarded as the modern enterprise’s success. Each company will take appropriate strategies based on external environment and internal resources. After the implementation of these strategies, some will become potential benefits, while some will be the limitation to restrict development of enterprises instead of promoting. In the report, Tiger Airways Australia was chosen as the object of study. Tiger Airways Australia, a Singapore based subsidiary of Tiger Aviation, is a low cost airline currently servicing the Australian domestic market. Tiger Airways Australia commenced operations on 24 November 2007 as a domestic airline from its principal base at Melbourne, Victoria. Tiger made different strategies to enter the aviation in Australia to gain market share and win customers. Tiger have to face competition from Virgin Blue and Jetstar. The report discussed its strategies and the potential benefits and limitations can be analyzed in such different ways. The understanding of strategic management Strategy and strategic management have long been viewed as the concept and process that link an organization and its competitive environment. The traditional approaches to strategic management are in keeping with Newton’s mechanistic model of the universe and Fayol’s view of the management function. (Thomas, Marius, & Sven, 2006, p.68). The existing strategic management system -including defined purpose (vision, mission, objectives, etc.), organizational structure, planning processes, measurement practices, core competency focus, human resource management, culture norms, and evalua tion and reward systems – is more a source of organizational inertia than a proactive force for dynamic change (Thomas et al., 2006, p.73). Strategic management is necessary to position the firm a way that will assure its long-term survival in a competitive environment. (Paul, Ken, & John, 2004, p.3). Innovation always point to the reformulation of the strategies of a firm, therefore, strategic management is also about innovation. (Manikant ,2008, p.235) Components of strategic management process The various components of the strategic management process are including strategic planning strategy process, strategic decisions, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategy change. The planning, balancing and positioning approaches to strategic management can be grouped as outward-in approaches, i.e. first analyzing the external environment and then analyzing and competitively gearing the internal environment. (Thomas et al., 2006, p.71). The strategic management pr ocess is the full set of commitments, decisions, and actions required for a firm to achieve strategic competitiveness and earn above-average returns. (Michael, R, & Robert, 2009, p.6) Tiger Airways Australia was chosen as the object of study. Australian market continued to be attractive for existing operators based on strong economic growth. Economic growth would benefit to development of the aviation industry (â€Å"Australia in brief†, n.d., 2008).And Tiger chose appropriate time to enter Australian aviation market. From the external transactions, Tiger gains the support of the state, has a very strong financial support and makes good use of economic forces. It took low-cost strategy. The potential benefits and limitations are analyzed as following through the implementation of internal and external strategic management. The ultimate goal of strategy is to create value for the firm, while the role of strategy analysis is to identify and exploit the sources of this value. (G rant, 2010, p.63)

Business Sustainability Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Sustainability - Assignment Example The three factors work together with the aim of creating an excellent working environment and exciting experience (Edi.com). The factors also enable an organization to work through the day to day challenges that the business faces. As a result, the team achieves its goals and objectives. Therefore, this creates a possibility for growth and expansion. The factors that influence the social environment of a business include job satisfaction, teamwork, leadership and customers among other factors. Teamwork revolves around the cooperation of employees in the workplace. The interaction of individuals tends to create a suitable working environment for the business. The science of working together as a team results in the reduction of competition among individuals. Information sharing takes place, and the benefits employees of each and every person considered (Global market analysis). The benefits result from sharing ideas and information, and this boosts the morale of workers. Good managers always ensure that the employees work together as a team. They carry out particular programs that make teamwork motivate employees. The conducive working environment created as a result of partnership increases the reputation of the enterprise (Ananthan). The culture of a company encompasses on a lot. In most companies, culture mainly relates to how managers treat and relate to their employees (Trompenaar). The culture of any given society dictates how the employees and the customers get treated. Companies that punish their employees more than the way in which they reward them create fear among the employees. The workers lack the morale of working. The way in which a customer gets treated speaks a lot for the organization. The customers are great assets in the body, and excellent treatment of the customers improves the reputation of the business. The culture of a group that emphasizes more on rewarding and treating the employees well enhances the relationship

Informing methods overview of theortical perspectives from psychology Coursework

Informing methods overview of theortical perspectives from psychology linguistics - Coursework Example This innate understanding also determines the ages at which various language skills are learned. (c) Interactionist/developmental: Includes both the above and postulates that language learning occurs through a combination of innate ability and interactions with the environment. Lightbrown and Spada (2006) present the views of two theorists, i.e, Piaget on the basis that language learning occurs based upon a symbol system developed in childhood, which is expanded through interaction with the environment and Vygotsky who expressed the view that the internal thought process is determined based upon social interaction. Lightbrown and Spada (2006) also state that language learning in early childhood may occur through sometimes imperfect imitation. As they go to school and the social context widens, they develop metalinguistic awareness and improve vocabulary through additional reading. Under the interactionist/developmental approach, these authors have thus combined two separate approache s, i.e, the behaviourist and the innatist perspectives. 2. Cook’s views are related to the innatist perspective, because it assumes that the complex rules of grammar cannot be learnt purely through imitation or conditioning. The innatist approach appears to be favoured here, because the explanation offered for understanding of complex grammar is that there must be a biologically programmed ability for grammar acquisition already existent within the human brain. The universal understanding of complex grammar could not be innately derived. 3. In second language learning, the attitude of the L1 group to the L2 speakers will play a role in influencing learning. Since language is a form of communication and a medium for the expression of thought, it can only develop within a social context and through active interaction. Thus, Cook’s views show that while the basic structure of language, i.e., its roots – grammar – may develop with the assistance of innate ele ments, effective language learning cannot take place without external interactions. When learners in the L1 group are able to communicate effectively with individuals from the L† (foreign language) group – individuals who are at a similar or slightly higher level, then a positive attitude will reinforce learning. Hence, this only reinforces the association between the interactionist/developmental perspectives, because development in language to advanced stages can only take place through interaction. 4. This section underlines the importance of learner attitude in influencing learning outcomes. For example if learners in group L1, the native language group – feel inferior to the L2 group, whose language they are learning, they may resent the process. It could lead to a culture shock and a concomitant loss of the identity that their native language provides them, which may negatively affect learning outcomes. This would also be the case if the reverse was true, i. e., the L1 group feels superior to the L2 group. A positive outlook is likely to boost learner motivation and the will to overcome linguistic difficulties to learn the new language. Activity 6: Reflections on Theory: 1. As a classroom teacher, the first option of a philosopher proposing a big idea is more appealing, because it is primarily based upon observances of behaviour or psychological

Law specialism Incorporated - legal firms and internships Essay - 1

Law specialism Incorporated - legal firms and internships - Essay Example Statistic from the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development reveals that more than 20 percent of the employers have plans to hire interns between April and September 2010, this being an increase from the summer of 2009 where only 13 per cent of the employers in the market were willing to hire these interns. On the other hand, the government has supported internships through the Graduate Talent Pool initiative that was initiated in July 2009 that aims at providing additional opportunities to the graduates that have just concluded their studies and are struggling to find work in the recession period. Although there are employment regulations governing the conduct of the organizations that are willing to employ these interns, there are no requirements for the internships to be paid. An internship charter drawn up by the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development voluntarily has codes of practice details a list of six principles upon which an internship should be based to advance t he interests of the intern as well as the hosting organization. It proposes that the recruitment of the interns should be done the same way employees are recruited and proper consideration placed upon the qualifications and skills they have best fit in with the roles they are expected to fill in the firm as well as the advertisement of the internship indicating the length of the internship period. The intern should be indicted into the firm and given the necessary support to integrate them into the firm, offer supervision to the intern, answer questions and provide feedback to the necessary issues they feel need assessment. A formal performance review should be conducted formally by the firm on the intern’s period and give an evaluation of both the firm and the intern. The employees as well as the interns should be treated with the same degree of professionalism as expected in the working environment and be allowed time off occasionally to attend job interviews or complete st udy requirements that come with the completion of the internship period. At the end of the internship period, the firm should be willing to give a certification or a reference letter to the interns with details of the roles undertaken as well as the results of the performance review conducted to help such an intern in his future career development. The Association of Chief Executives of Voluntary Organizations at any one time has 5 interns and roughly 30 staff engaged in a wide variety of responsibilities relating to research, lobbying, campaigning and press work,  including  drafting correspondence, articles and press releases, preparing policy briefings, and managing their own policy projects, (Acevo Policy Internships, 2013 p. 1). Under The Minimum Wage Act 1998, a worker is someone who has a contract of employment either oral or written with a firm to perform certain duties, services or work for another party that has to be expresses or implied in the stipulated contract and he must be paid a minimum wage unless they are subjected to some special exemptions. Hence it is not an outright assumption that an intern is a worker due to some internship characteristics to do with work experience, voluntary work or work shadowing schemes. In the general traditional approach, internship periods last six to